Izinto Eziyinhloko (Ukusekela)
● SA-210 Gr.C / EN10216-2 (insimbi yekhabhoni – isevisi evamile yebhoyila)
● I-SA-213 T91 (X10CrMoVNb9-1 / 1.4903 – insimbi ye-alloy engangeni ukukhukhuleka)
Ukubopha (ulwelwesi lwe-CRA):
● TP304L (1.4306) – insimbi engagqwali ye-austenitic yokumelana nokugqwala okujwayelekile
● I-UNS N08028 (1.4563 / Ingxubevange 28) – ingxubevange ephezulu ye-Cr/Ni/Mo/Cu yezindawo ezine-acidic ne-chloride
● I-UNS N08825 (2.4858 / Incoloy 825) – i-alloy esekelwe ku-nickel yegesi emuncu, i-H₂S/CO₂/chloride
Umzila Wenqubo:Ukukhipha okushisayo → ukuqeda okubandayo → ukwelashwa kokushisa → ukuthosa. Kungenamthungo ngokuphelele, akukho ukushiswa okude. Amandla okushefa isibopho sensimbi ≥300 MPa.
Ukuhlolwa kanye nesitifiketi:Ukuhlolwa kwe-hydrostatic okungu-100%, ukuhlolwa kwe-ultrasonic ngokwe-ASTM E213 kanye ne-ISO 10893-10. Ukuhambisana ne-ASME Section II Ingxenye A, EN12952-2 (kufaka phakathi Ingxenye C). Isitifiketi se-Mill EN 10204 Uhlobo 3.1 (Uhlobo 3.2 olunofakazi wesithathu ongakukhetha).
Izicelo:Izindonga zamanzi ebhoyila, ama-superheater, ama-reheater, ama-heat exchanger anomfutho ophezulu, amayunithi okubuyisa ukushisa okulahliwe, ama-sour service boiler feedwater heater, imishini yokudlulisa ukushisa ye-refinery.
Insimbi YaseWomicihlinzeka ngepayipi elimbozwe ngomthungo elilandelekayo elikhiqizwe ngokwekhodi yaseYurophu ne-ASME. Khetha inhlanganisela yakho eyinhloko + embozwe ngomthungo. Ukuhlolwa komuntu wesithathu kanye nokuhlolwa kofakazi kuyatholakala. Xhumana nathi ukuthola amashidi edatha obuchwepheshe kanye nesilinganiso sokulethwa.
1. Ukubuka Konke Komkhiqizo – Ipayipi Elingenamthungo Lensimbi Engafakwanga Nge-Hot Extrusion
Ipayipi elimbozwe ngensimbi elingenamthungo lihlukile kakhulu epayipini elimbozwe ngomshini noma ipayipi elimbozwe ngensimbi elihlanganisiwe. Ingaphakathi kanye ne-cladding kuhlanganiswa unomphela ngokusabalala kwe-athomu ngesikhathi sokukhipha okushisayo, okudala isibopho esingenakuhlukana ngaphansi kokujikeleza kokushisa, ukushaya kwengcindezi, noma ukugoba.
Kungani kungenamthungo (akukho ukushintshwa kwe-longitudinal)?
Izithungo zokushisela ezinde zingamaphuzu okwehluleka okungenzeka lapho izinga lokushisa liphezulu, isevisi yokujikeleza yokucindezela okuphezulu. Ukwakhiwa okungenamthungo kuqeda le ngozi ngokuphelele. Inqubo yokukhipha okushisayo iphinde ithuthukise isakhiwo sezinhlamvu, ithuthukise amandla okuhamba kanye nokumelana nokukhathala.
Kungani kusetshenziswa i-extrusion eshisayo + ukuqeda okubandayo + ukwelashwa ngokushisa + ukukhafula?
●Ukukhishwa okushisayo:Ifinyelela isibopho sensimbi ekucindezelekeni okukhulu kanye nokushisa, inciphisa ingxenye enqamulayo ngo->8:1 - iqinisekisa ukusebenziseka komsindo.
● Ukuqeda okubandayo (ukudweba okubandayo / ukushushumbisa):Ihlinzeka ngokubekezelelana okuqondile kwe-OD kanye nobukhulu bodonga, ukuqeda okuhle kakhulu kwendawo, kanye nezakhiwo zomshini ezandisiwe ngokuqinisa umsebenzi (kulandelwe ukwelashwa kokushisa okufanele).
● Ukwelashwa ngokushisa:Ibuyisela ukuguquguquka, inciphise ukucindezeleka, futhi ithuthukise isakhiwo esincane esidingekayo (isb., ukwenza kube normalizing + tempering ye-SA-210 Gr.C kanye ne-T91; i-solution annealing yezingqimba ze-CRA).
● Ukukhahlela:Isusa isikali se-oxide (i-magnetite, i-hematite) esisele ekusebenzeni okushisayo kanye nokwelashwa kokushisa. Umphumela uba indawo ehlanzekile ngamakhemikhali, engenasikali esifakiwe - ebalulekile ukuze ibhoyila kanye ne-heat exchanger zihlale isikhathi eside.
Inhlanganisela iveza ishubhu elihlangabezana nezidingo eziqinile ze-ASME Section I, EN12952, kanye ne-PED 2014/68/EU.
2. Ukuhlanganiswa Kwezinto Ezibalulekile – Umgogodla + Umbozo
Inhlanganisela ezintathu ezicelwe kakhulu ezivela kumaphrojekthi esitshalo sikagesi kanye ne-petrochemical zichazwe ngezansi. Ngayinye ibhekana nesethi ehlukile yezimo zesevisi.
2.1 Inhlanganisela A: SA-210 Gr.C + TP304L (1.4306)
| Ipharamitha | Umongo (Ukusekela) | Ukubopha (i-CRA) |
| Izinto | I-SA-210 Gr.C / EN10216-2 | I-TP304L (1.4306) |
| Okujwayelekile | Isigaba II se-ASME Ingxenye A / EN10216-2 | I-ASME SA-213 / EN10088-3 |
| Ukusetshenziswa okuvamile | Izindonga zamanzi ebhoyila, izinto ezithuthukisa umnotho, ama-superheater asezingeni eliphansi | Ukuvikelwa kokugqwala okuvamile emanzini ane-asidi encane, ane-oxygen |
| Izinga lokushisa eliphezulu lesevisi | ~450°C | ~400°C (ezindaweni ezigqwalisayo) |
| Ubukhulu be-cladding | – | 1.5 – 3.0 mm |
| Izinzuzo | Ukushibilika okuhle, izindleko ezimaphakathi, kuyatholakala kabanzi | Ikhabhoni ephansi igwema ukuzwela; ukumelana okuhle nokugqwala kanye nokugqwala okuvamile |
Kuhle kakhulu ku:Amapayipi odonga amanzi ebhoyila avamile asebenzisa amalahle lapho ingaphakathi lithinta khona amanzi/umusi ngokuhlanzwa kwe-asidi ngezikhathi ezithile noma ukungcola okuncane.
2.2 Inhlanganisela B: SA-213 T91 (1.4903) + UNS N08028 (Ingxubevange 28 / 1.4563)
| Ipharamitha | Umongo (Ukusekela) | Ukubopha (i-CRA) |
| Izinto | I-SA-213 T91 Uhlobo 1 (X10CrMoVNb9-1) | I-UNS N08028 (i-Alloy 28) |
| Okujwayelekile | Isigaba II se-ASME Ingxenye A / EN10216 2 | I-SB 668 / EN10088-3 |
| Ukusetshenziswa okuvamile | Ama-superheater/ama-reheater okushisa okuphezulu, ama-boiler okushisa angcolile | I-asidi flue gas condensate (i-sulfuric/phosphorus acid), ama-chloride amaningi |
| Izinga lokushisa eliphezulu lesevisi | 650°C (ibanga lokuhamba) | 450°C (kusensimini egqwalisayo) |
| Ubukhulu be-cladding | – | 2.0 – 3.5 mm |
| Izinzuzo | Amandla amahle kakhulu okuqhekeka kokuqhekeka, ukumelana nokushiswa kwe-oxidation | I-PREN 38-40; imelana nokuqhekeka kwemigodi, ukugqwala kwemifantu, kanye nokuqhekeka kokugqwala okucindezelekile kuma-chloride |
Kuhle kakhulu ku:Izingxenye zokugcina ze-superheater ze-boiler ezibaluleke kakhulu, ama-boiler okubuyisa ukushisa okulahliwe phansi kwezitshalo ze-sulfuric acid, ama-boiler e-biomass ane-chlorine ephezulu kugesi yoketshezi.
2.3 Inhlanganisela C: SA-210 Gr.C + UNS N08825 (Incoloy 825 / 2.4858)
| Ipharamitha | Umongo (Ukusekela) | Ukubopha (i-CRA) |
| Izinto | I-SA-210 Gr.C / EN10216-2 | I-UNS N08825 (Incoloy 825) |
| Okujwayelekile | Isigaba II se-ASME Ingxenye A / EN10216 2 | I-SB 163 / VdTUV 432 |
| Ukusetshenziswa okuvamile | Izifudumezi zamanzi ezisebenzisa ibhoyila, izishintshi zokushisa zefektri | Isevisi emuncu (H₂S + CO₂ + chloride), enciphisa ama-asidi |
| Izinga lokushisa eliphezulu lesevisi | ~450°C | ~450°C (kusesevisi emuncu) |
| Ubukhulu be-cladding | – | 2.0 – 3.5 mm |
| Izinzuzo | Ingaphakathi elingabizi kakhulu, ukuqina okuhle | Ihambisana ne-NACE MR0175; imelana ne-SSC, i-HIC, kanye nokugqwala okuvamile ku-H₂S emanzi |
Kuhle kakhulu ku:Izifudumezi zamanzi ezindlini zokucubungula igesi, izishintshi zokushisa eziphatha izixazululo zamanzi noma ama-amine ezikhiqizwe, noma iyiphi insizakalo edinga ukuthembeka okuphezulu ekugqwaleni okumuncu.
3. Inqubo Yokukhiqiza - Kusukela Ku-Billet Kuya Ku-Pickled Tube
Indlela yokukhiqiza ilawulwa ngokuqinile ukuqinisekisa ubuqotho bebhondi kanye nokulandeleka kwayo.
| Isiteji | Ukusebenza | Amapharamitha Ayisihluthulelo | Ukuhlolwa |
| 1 | Umhlangano we-billet ohlanganisiwe | I-core bored, i-CRA liner ifakiwe, ivalwe nge-vacuum (≤10 Pa) | Okubonakalayo, okunobukhulu |
| 2 | Ukukhishwa okushisayo | 1150-1250°C, isilinganiso sokunciphisa ≥8:1, isivinini silawulwa | Ukuqoshwa kwezinga lokushisa, okubonakalayo kwendawo ekhishwe ngaphandle |
| 3 | Ukuqeda okubandayo | Ukudonsa okubandayo noma ukuphanga (ukudlula kaningi nge-annealing ephakathi) | Ukuhlola ubukhulu kuphasi ngalinye |
| 4 | Ukwelashwa ngokushisa | Ukulungisa + ukuqinisa i-core; ukuqinisa isixazululo se-CRA (kuye ngokuthi ingakanani) | Ishadi lokushisa lesikhathi eliqoshiwe, ukuhlolwa kobulukhuni |
| 5 | Ukukhahlela | Ukucwiliswa ebhavini le-HNO₃+HF, kulandelwe ukuhlanzwa ngamanzi | Ukuhlolwa kokubonakala kobuso, ukumanzisa, ukuqinisekiswa okungenasikali |
| 6 | Ukuqondisa nokusika | Ukuqondisa kahle, kunqunywe ngobude obuhleliwe | Ukuhlolwa kwe-laser kokunemba (≤1.5mm/m) |
| 7 | I-NDT kanye nokuhlolwa kwamanzi | Ngokwesigaba 4 | Imibiko ekhishwe |
| 8 | Qeda ukuqeda nokupakisha | Iziphetho ze-bevel (uma zichaziwe), ukugcoba ngamafutha, izivalo zepulasitiki | Uhlu lokupakisha olubonakalayo, olufakiwe |
4. Uhlelo Lokuhlola Nokuhlola – Ukuhlangabezana Nezindinganiso ze-ASME kanye ne-EN
Wonke amapayipi ambozwe ngomthungo adlula ezivivinyweni ezilandelayo, ezibhekiselwe ezindinganisweni ezichazwe yiklayenti: ASTM E213, ISO 10893-10, EN12952-2 (kufaka phakathi ingxenye C), kanye ne-ASME SA-450.
| Ukuhlolwa | Okujwayelekile | Ububanzi | Ukwamukelwa |
| Ukuhlolwa kwe-Ultrasonic okungu-100% (ukungapheleli kwe-longitudinal) | I-ASTM E213, ISO 10893-10 | Ubude bepayipi eligcwele, indlela yokucwilisa ezenzakalelayo noma indlela yokuxhumana | Akukho ukuzwakala kwesici okudlula izinga lokubhekisela; amaphutha aqondile > ubude obamukelekayo bunqatshiwe |
| Ukuhlolwa kwe-hydrostatic | I-ASME SA-450 / EN12952-2 | Ishubhu ngalinye, ingcindezi engu-≥ 1.5× ingcindezi yomklamo, bamba ≥10s | Akukho ukuvuza, ukwanda okuhlala njalo ngaphakathi komkhawulo |
| Ukuhlolwa kokuqina (izinto eziyinhloko) | SA-210 / SA-213 / EN10216-2 | Ngokushisa/ngeqoqo ngalinye | Ukukhuphula, ukucindezela, ukunwebeka kuhlangabezana nemininingwane ethile |
| Ukuhlolwa kokuthamba | I-ASME SA-450 | Okukodwa ngokushisa/usayizi | Akukho ukuqhekeka kuze kube yilapho ibanga lamapuleti = 2/3 OD (noma ngokwejwayelekile) |
| Ukuhlolwa kokuqina | EN12952-2 C | Umongo kanye nokumbozwa (ongakukhetha endaweni yokubopha) | I-core ≤ spec, i-cladding ≤ spec |
| Okubonakalayo nokunobukhulu | SA-450 / EN12952-2 | 100% | OD, ukujiya kodonga, ubude, ukuqeda ubuso, isimo se-bevel |
Ukuhlolwa okwengeziwe uma kuceliwe:
● Amandla okucheba isibopho (ukuhlolwa kokusunduza) nge-API 5LD ngayinye
● Ukugqwala kwe-intergranular (i-ASTM A262 Practice E yokubopha i-austenitic)
● Umthelela we-Charpy (ingqikithi ekushiseni okucacisiwe)
● I-NACE TM0177 / TM0284 yesevisi emuncu (kumapayipi ambozwe nge-Incoloy 825)
● Ukuhlonza izinto ezibonakalayo (i-PMI) kokumbozwa yi-XRF
Izitifiketi:EN 10204 Uhlobo 3.1 (olujwayelekile). Uhlobo 3.2 olunofakazi beqembu lesithathu (SGS, BV, DNV, TÜV, ABS, LR) luyatholakala ngezindleko ezengeziwe.
5. Ububanzi Nokubekezelelana Okulinganayo
Ipayipi elimbozwe ngensimbi elingenamthungo elisebenzisa i-extrusion eshisayo + ukuqeda okubandayo livame ukutholakala ku:
| Ipharamitha | Ububanzi / Ukubekezelelana |
| Ububanzi obungaphandle (OD) | 25 mm – 168 mm (1″ – 6″). Ububanzi obukhulu bungenzeka ngenqubo ehlukile (isb., i-hot roll bonded + welded) – xhumana ukuze uthole imininingwane. |
| Ubukhulu bodonga oluyinhloko | 3 mm – 15 mm (kuya nge-OD kanye nesilinganiso sokucindezela) |
| Ubukhulu be-cladding | 1.5 mm – 3.5 mm (ubuncane obungu-1.5 mm ukuze kube nesibopho esithembekile) |
| Ubude | 6 m – 15 m ubude; isikhathi eside uma kucelwe ngokukhethekile |
| Ukubekezelelana kwe-OD | ±0.5 mm ye-OD <100mm; ±0.75% ye-OD ≥100mm |
| Ukubekezelela ukujiya kodonga | ±10% (umongo kuphela; ukumbozwa kulinganiswa ngokwehlukana) |
| Ukuqonda | ≤1.5 mm ngemitha |
Ubukhulu obungokwezifiso bungaxoxwa.
6. Izicelo Ngokuningiliziwe
6.1 Izindonga Zamanzi Ebhoyila kanye Nezinto Zokonga (Inhlanganisela A – SA-210+304L)
●Umsebenzi:Amanzi amunca ukushisa okuvela kugesi yomoya ongcolile. Ingaphezulu elingaphakathi lingabona izinhlobo ezibolayo ezivela emanzini okuphuza noma ekuhlanzweni kwe-asidi ngezikhathi ezithile. Ukufakwa kwe-304L kumelana nokunyakaza kwe-pH ephansi futhi kuvimbela ukugoba.
● Inzuzo kunensimbi yekhabhoni engenalutho:Kuqeda isidingo sokulinganisa amakhemikhali noma kunciphisa ukugqwala, okuvumela izindonga ezincane kanye nokwakhiwa okulula.
6.2 Ama-Superheater nama-Reheater (Inhlanganisela B – T91+Alloy 28)
● Inselele:Ukushiswa komoya ohlangothini lomusi, kanye negesi yangaphandle ye-flue equkethe i-sulfur nama-chloride kubangela ukugqwala kokushisa okuphezulu. I-T91 inikeza amandla okukhukhuleka; I-Alloy 28 imelana nokugqwala kwe-flue gas dew point ngesikhathi sokuqalisa/ukuvala.
● Inzuzo yasensimini:Isikhathi eside sokuphila kwamapayipi phakathi kokuphuma, kuncishiswe ingozi yokuvaleka kwe-oxide ohlangothini lomusi.
6.3 Ama-Sour Service Feedwater Heaters (Inhlanganisela C – SA-210+Incoloy 825)
Indawo:Ama-chloride aphezulu e-H₂S, CO₂, ohlangothini lwamanzi/lomusi. Insimbi yekhabhoni izohluleka ngenxa yokuqhekeka kokucindezeleka kwe-sulfide phakathi nezinyanga. Ishubhu elimboziwe le-Incoloy 825 linikeza ukusebenza kwesevisi emuncu okuqinisekisiwe ngokugcwele ngokonga izindleko okukhulu uma kuqhathaniswa ne-solid 825.
6.4 Ama-Heat Exchanger Anengcindezi Ephakeme (zonke izinhlanganisela)
Izishintshi zokushisa zegobolondo netyhubhulapho uketshezi oluseceleni lweshubhu lubola kodwa uhlangothi lwegobolondo aluboli. Amashubhu amboziwe avumela ukusetshenziswa kweshidi leshubhu lensimbi yekhabhoni (elinolwelwesi lwe-CRA) kanye nokumbozwa okugcwele ngaphakathi kweshubhu.6.5 Ukubuyiswa Kokushisa Okungcolile (ikakhulukazi izitshalo ze-sulfuric acid)
Uhlangothi lwegesi eshisayo:kufika ku-600°C; i-T91 yangaphandle (noma i-SA-210 enokupholisa okwanele). Ukuxhumana kwangaphakathi kunciphisa i-acid condensate – I-Alloy 28 noma i-304L imelana nokuhlaselwa. Ukwakheka okungenamthungo kuvimbela ukuvuza ngama-welds ajikelezayo okungaba yinhlekelele ekusebenzeni kwe-asidi.
Isimo Somphezulu – Okufakwe Ubisi Olu ...
Isimo sokulethwa esijwayelekile sazo zonke izinhlanganisela ezintathu sithiokufakwe emanzini anosawoti kanye nokungafakwanga.
●Ukukha:Isusa isikali sokushisa (ama-iron oxides) esakhiwe ngesikhathi sokukhipha okushisayo nokwelashwa ngokushisa. I-acid bath (HNO₃ + HF) incibilikisa isikali ngaphandle kokuhlasela kakhulu insimbi eyisisekelo.
● Ukuphelelwa yithemba:Ngemva kokukha, ifilimu elincane le-oxide elicebile nge-chromium lakha ngokuzenzekelayo ezindaweni zensimbi engagqwali kanye ne-nickel alloy, okwandisa ukumelana nokugqwala.
● Inzuzo:Ilungele ukufakwa – asikho isidingo sokuhlanza okwengeziwe noma ukudubula. Ifanelekela amanzi ahlanzekile kakhulu kanye nezinsizakalo zamakhemikhali ezizwelayo.
● Ukwelashwa kobuso okungakhethwa:Ukugcoba ngamafutha ukuze kuvinjelwe ukugqwala kwesikhathi esifushane (engxenyeni yensimbi yekhabhoni evezwe ekugcineni) - chaza uma kudingeka.
● Uma kudingeka ukuqeda okuhlukile kobuso (isib. ukupholisha, ukudubula, akukho ukukhahlela), sicela ucele ngesikhathi soku-oda.
8. Imibhalo Esezingeni Eliphezulu Nokulandelela
Ukuthunyelwa ngakunye kufaka idokhumenti ephelele yekhwalithi:
● Isitifiketi se-EN 10204 Uhlobo 3.1(ukuhlaziywa kwamakhemikhali komongo kanye nokumbozwa, imiphumela yokuthamba komongo, ukuqinisekiswa kokuhlolwa kwe-hydrostatic, isifinyezo sombiko we-UT)
●Umbiko wokuhlola wobukhulu(OD, WT, ubude obuqoshwe ngephakheji ngayinye)
●Izingodo ezigcwele zokuhlolwa kwe-Ultrasonic(noma isifinyezo esinesitatimende sokwamukela)
●Amashadi okwelashwa kokushisa(amajika okushisa nesikhathi) eqoqweni
●Irekhodi lenqubo yokukha(ukuhlushwa kwe-asidi, izinga lokushisa, ubude besikhathi)
●Uhlu lokupakisha kanye ne-invoyisi yezentengiselwano
●Ongakukhetha:Isitifiketi se-EN 10204 Uhlobo 3.2 esinofakazi wesithathu (imali eyengeziwe)
Yonke imibhalo ixhunywe ezinombolweni zokushisa ezigxivizwe kushubhu ngayinye (isitembu sedayi esinokucindezeleka okuphansi ngokwe-ASME SA-450).
9. Ukulethwa Nokuthuthwa Kwempahla
●Ukupakisha okujwayelekile:Izivalo zokugcina zepulasitiki, eziboshwe ngezinqwaba eziboshwe ngensimbi ezinezihlukanisi zokhuni (ze-OD encane) noma izitsha zokuthwala ngazinye (ze-OD enkulu). Isimbozo esingangenwa manzi semithwalo yolwandle.
●Imigomo yokuthumela:I-FOB Shanghai/Tianjin (evame kakhulu), i-CFR, i-CIF kunoma yiliphi ichweba elikhulu. Sihlela isitsha noma i-break bulk.
●Isikhathi sokuhola (isilinganiso):
● Inhlanganisela A (SA-210+304L):Amaviki ayi-12-14 kusukela ekuqinisekisweni kwe-oda (kuncike esitokweni sezinto ezibonakalayo)
● Inhlanganisela B (T91+Alloy 28):Amaviki ayi-16-20 (ukuthengwa kwe-alloy ekhethekile)
● Inhlanganisela C (SA-210+Incoloy 825):Amaviki angu-16-20 (umthombo we-Incoloy 825)
Isikhathi sokuhola esincishisiwe kungenzeka kuma-oda aphindaphindwayo.
●Ubuningi obuncane boku-oda:Ayikho i-MOQ eqinile ngamanani okuhlola (isb., amamitha ayi-100-200). Xhumana ukuze uthole amanani amancane ebhetshi.
10. Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa (Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa) – Ezobuchwepheshe Nezohwebo
Q1: Kungani ucacisa ipayipi elimbozwe ngomthungo esikhundleni sepayipi elimbozwe ngomthungo?
A: Ipayipi elimbozwe ngomthungo linayoakukho mthungo wokushisela we-longitudinalKuphakathi noma ngaphakathi kwe-cladding. Lokhu kususa iphuzu lokwehluleka okungenzeka ngaphansi kokukhathala kokushisa, isevisi ye-hydrogen, noma umfutho ophezulu. Kugwema nanoma iyiphi ingozi yokusikwa kwe-weld noma ukuntuleka kokuhlanganiswa okungabangela ukugqwala. Kumashubhu e-boiler kanye ne-heat exchanger okumele adlule ezidingweni zekhodi eqinile (i-ASME Section I, EN12952), ukungasebenzi kahle kuvame ukuba yimpoqo.
Umbuzo 2: Ungakwazi yini ukunikeza ipayipi elimboziwe i-CRA ngaphandle esikhundleni sangaphakathi?
A: Yebo. Inqubo yokukhipha igesi ingaguqulwa: beka i-CRA ku-OD kanye nensimbi yekhabhoni/i-alloy ku-ID. Sicela ucacise lapho ubuza.
Q3: Iyini amandla esibopho se-cladding?
A: Amandla ajwayelekile okushefa alinganisiwe avela ezivivinyweni zokuphuma ngaphandle angama-≥300 MPa. Lokhu kudlula kude izidingo ze-API 5LD noma noma iyiphi indinganiso eyaziwayo. Kwishubhu elimbozwe nge-extrusion-bonded, i-interface ibhekwa njengengahlukaniseki ngaphansi kwemithwalo yesevisi evamile.
Umbuzo 4: Ingabe wenza ukuhlolwa kwe-ultrasonic ku-ASTM E213 noma ku-ISO 10893-10?
A: Sihlonyiswe ukuhlola kuzo zombili izindinganiso. Ngokuvamile sinikeza i-ISO 10893-10 yama-oda aseYurophu kanye ne-ASTM E213 yokuthobela imithetho ye-ASME. Sicela usho okuthandayo; singenza nokuhlolwa okuhlangene.
Q5: Kuthiwani nge-EN12952-2 ingxenye C – ingabe ukwelashwa kwakho kokushisa nokuhlolwa kuyahambisana?
A: Yebo. Imijikelezo yethu yokulungisa nokulungisa ilawulwa futhi iqoshwa njengoba kudingeka yi-EN12952-2 C. Imvamisa yokuhlolwa komshini, ukuthamba, kanye nokuhlolwa kwe-hydrostatic ihlangabezana noma idlula indinganiso. Singahlinzeka nge-matrix yokuhambisana.
Umbuzo 6: Ingabe indawo yokukha amanzi ifanelekela isevisi ye-oxygen/hydrogen/steam ehlanzekile?
A: Ukukhahlela kususa ama-oxide kodwa kungashiya izinsalela ze-asidi noma umswakama. Ukuze kusetshenziswe ubumsulwa obuphezulu, sincoma okwengeziweukususa amafutha kanye nokudlulisa umfutho(akufakiwe ku-pickling ejwayelekile). Sicela ucacise le mfuneko.
Umbuzo 7: Ngizichaza kanjani izilinganiso eziqondile zenhlanganisela ngayinye?
A: Nikeza:
● Ububanzi bangaphandle (OD) bepayipi eliqediwe
● Ubukhulu bodonga oluyinhloko (insimbi esekelayo)
● Ubukhulu be-cladding (CRA)
● Ubude obubodwa (isb., 6m, 12m) kanye nobude obuphelele (m) ngenhlanganisela ngayinye
Umbuzo 8: Ungakwazi yini ukunikeza la mashubhu ambozwe nge-U-bent configuration?
A: Yebo, singagoba ithubhu eliphekiwe eliqediwe (ukugoba okubandayo nge-mandrel) kulandelwe ukwelashwa kokushisa okuqeda ukucindezeleka kanye ne-100% NDT yesigaba esigobile. Sicela ucele ikhotheshini ehlukile yama-U-bends.
Umbuzo 9: Yiziphi izinketho zokuhlola ezivela eceleni ezikhona?
A: Sisebenza njalo ne-SGS, i-BV, i-DNV, i-TÜV, i-ABS, kanye ne-LR. Umhloli angabona zonke izivivinyo noma ezikhethiwe (i-hydro, i-UT, i-tensile, i-dimensional). Sibe sesikhipha izitifiketi ze-EN 10204 Type 3.2.
Umbuzo 10: Ingabe uyawagcina la mapayipi amboziwe?
A: Sivame ukukhiqiza ngokwe-oda. Kodwa-ke, izinto ezijwayelekile ezifana ne-SA-210+304L ngobukhulu obudumile (isb., 63.5×4.88×1.65mm, ubude obuyi-6m) zingatholakala eqoqweni elidlule - sicela ubuze.
Q11: Iyini intengo yokuqhathanisa uma iqhathaniswa ne-solid high alloy tube?
A: Ngesilinganiso esifanayo sokucindezela, ithubhu elimboziwe (isb., i-T91+Alloy 28) livame ukubizaNgaphansi ngo-40-50%kuneshubhu eliqinile le-Alloy 28 elinobukhulu obulinganayo be-OD nodonga. Ku-SA-210+Incoloy 825, ukonga kungaba ngu-50-60% uma kuqhathaniswa neliqinile 825. Umnotho oqondile uncike ekujikeni kwe-cladding kanye nezinto eziyinhloko.
Umbuzo 12: Ingabe unalo ulwazi ngesitifiketi se-VdTUV (isb., se-Incoloy 825 nge-VdTUV 432 ngayinye)?
A: Yebo. Sihlinzeke ngamapayipi amboziwe kubasebenzi bezitshalo baseJalimane abadinga imvume ye-VdTUV. Singacela umhloli ogunyaziwe ukuze amukele izinto ze-VdTUV futhi sinikeze amadokhumenti adingekayo.
Umbuzo 13: Ziqedwa kanjani iziphetho zamashubhu?
A: Okujwayelekile: okusikiwe okuyisikwele okusobala, okususiwe umhubhe. Ongakukhetha: okugobile (30-35°), okunentambo (yokuhlanganisa okwenziwa ngomshini), noma okunemiphetho. Iziphetho ezigobile zinganikezwaUkufaka ibhotela le-CRA(ungqimba lwensimbi yokushisela ye-alloy efanayo ebusweni be-bevel) ukuvimbela ukuncibilika ngesikhathi sokushisela ensimini. Sicela ucacise.
Q14: Buyini ubukhulu obuncane bokumboza isibopho sokukhipha esithembekile?
A: I-1.5 mm iyindlela yethu ephephile yokugcina ipayipi elimboziwe elingaphandle elingenamthungo. Ukuze ubukhulu be-cladding bube ngaphansi kuka-1.5 mm, ukuthembeka kwesibopho kuyancipha; singancoma ipayipi elimboziwe elimboziwe esikhundleni salokho. Ngezimvume eziningi zokugqwala, i-2.0 kuya ku-2.5 mm iyinto evamile.
Umbuzo 15: Ingabe kukhona umkhawulo wobude obukhulu bepayipi elimbozwe ngomthungo?
A: Amandla okucindezela i-extrusion akhawulela ubude obubodwa bube cishe amamitha ayi-15 ububanzi obungaphansi kwamamilimitha ayi-100. Kububanzi obukhulu, ubude obukhulu buvame ukuba bufushane (amamitha ayi-12). Uma kudingeka ubude obude (isb., ukuze kudonswe), singahlola ukuthi kungenzeka yini ukudonsa izingcezu ezinde ngokubandayo kusuka kumashubhu omama akhishwe.
11. Xhumana ne-Womic Steel ukuze uthole ikhotheshini yobuchwepheshe
Uma unemibuzo mayelana nepayipi elimbozwe ngensimbi elingenamthungo – elikhishwa ngokushisa, eliqediwe ngokubandayo, eliphathwe ngokushisa, nelifakwe uviniga – sicela uthumele uhlu lwezinhlanganisela ezidingekayo (ungqimba oluyinhloko + olumbozwe, ubukhulu, ubuningi, ubude, izinga lesitifiketi). Sizophendula ngesipho sobuchwepheshe esiningiliziwe, isikhathi sokulethwa, kanye nentengo.
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