Ipayipi Lensimbi Ehlanganisiwe Ye-T91+Alloy 28 | Ishubhu Elingenamthungo Elimelana Nokushisa Okuphezulu + Nokugqwala – Insimbi Yomzimba Isithombe Esivelele

Ipayipi Lensimbi Ehlanganisiwe Ye-T91+Alloy 28 | Ishubhu Elingenamthungo Elingamelani Nokushisa Okuphezulu + Nokugqwala – Insimbi Yomzimba

Incazelo emfushane:

Ipayipi elihlanganisiwe elingenamthungo le-T91+Alloy 28 eliboshwe ngensimbi. I-T91 yangaphandle (X10CrMoVNb9-1) inikeza amandla okukhukhuleka afinyelela ku-650°C; i-inner Alloy 28 (UNS N08028) imelana nama-chloride aphezulu, i-sulfuric/phosphorus acid, kanye nezimo ezimuncu. Yenziwe nge-centrifugal casting + hot extrusion - engenamthungo ngokuphelele, ayikho i-longitudinal weld. Ilungele amashubhu e-superheater, ama-waste heat boilers, ama-heat exchanger amakhemikhali ashisa kakhulu.

Sithumelele i-imeyili Imininingwane Yomkhiqizo

Imininingwane Yomkhiqizo

Amathegi Omkhiqizo

Ingaphandle (Isisekelo)

Ingaphandle (Isisekelo):I-T91 (X10CrMoVNb9-1 / 1.4903 / A213 T91) – insimbi engangenisi ukukhukhuleka kwe-martensitic, isevisi ephezulu engu-650°C

Ingaphakathi (Ukugqoka):Ingxubevange 28 (UNS N08028 / 1.4563 / Sandvik 28) – high Cr/Ni/Mo/Cu austenitic alloy, PREN 38–40

Ububanzi Bosayizi:OD 38mm – 168mm; Ubukhulu bodonga lwangaphandle 4mm – 15mm; Ubukhulu bokumboza 1.8mm – 3.5mm; Ubude obubodwa bufika ku-15m

Inqubo:Ukuphonswa kwe-Centrifugal + i-extrusion eshisayo – amandla okucheba isibopho se-metallurgical ≥300 MPa

Amazinga:I-ASTM A213 (T91), i-API 5LD (ipayipi elimboziwe), i-NACE MR0175, i-PED 2014/68/EU

Izicelo:Ama-superheater/ama-reheater e-boiler abaluleke kakhulu, amayunithi okubuyisa ukushisa okulahliwe (izitshalo ze-sulfuric acid), ama-heat exchanger okushisa aphezulu ama-hydrocarbon ane-chlorine, izitshalo ze-biomass/izitshalo ezisebenzisa imfucuza zibe amandla

1. Ukubuka Konke – Kungani Ipayipi Le-T91+Alloy 28 Clad

Isevisi yokushisa okuphezulu ivame ukuletha inkinga: into eqinile ngokwanele ukusinda ekuqhekekeni (njenge-T91) iyagqwala emagesini anamandla okukhipha uketshezi noma emifudlaneni yenqubo; i-alloy engamelani nokugqwala (njenge-Alloy 28) ayinawo amandla okushisa aphezulu futhi ibiza kakhulu.

Ipayipi elimbozwe nge-bimetal engu-T91+Alloy engu-28ixazulula lokhu ngokuhlukanisa imisebenzi:

lI-T91 yangaphandleibhekene nendawo eshisa kakhulu (isb., igesi yoketshezi ku-600-650°C) futhi inikeza amandla okuqhekeka kokuqhuma.

lI-Alloy Yangaphakathi 28iphatha uketshezi olubolayo (isb., i-acid condensate, ama-chloride) ebusweni bayo bangaphakathi.

Inhlanganisela iwukuthingaphandle komthungo– akukho mthungo wokushisela we-longitudinal – ngenxa yenqubo yokuphotha ye-centrifugal + inqubo yokukhipha eshisayo. Lokhu kususa iphuzu elibuthakathaka kakhulu elitholakala kumapayipi ambozwe nge-welded.

Amalungiselelo ajwayelekile lapho i-T91+Alloy 28 iphumelela khona:

Ukucushwa	Uhlangothi lwangaphandle	Uhlangothi lwangaphakathi	Isibonelo
I-superheater yebhoyila	Igesi yoketshezi (650°C, ekhipha i-oxidizing)	I-Steam (450 550°C, emsulwa)	I-T91 imelana nokushiswa kwangaphandle; i-Alloy 28 ayidingeki? Empeleni uhlangothi lomusi aludingi i-alloy ekhethekile. Isibonelo esingcono:I-heat exchanger lapho uketshezi olubolayo lugeleza khona ngaphakathi– I-T91 ngaphandle ithatha izinga lokushisa eliphezulu legesi; I-Alloy 28 ngaphakathi imelana nokugqwala.
Ukusetshenziswa okuvamile okulungile:Faka ipayipi kubhoyila yokushisa imfucuza phansi kwesitshalo se-sulfuric acid – igesi eshisayo (~500°C) SO₂/SO₃ ngaphandle (izibambo ze-T91 ziyakhukhuleka), i-asidi encibilikisiwe ingase iqine ngaphakathi ngesikhathi sokuguguleka (i-Alloy 28 resists). Iphinde isetshenziswe kuamabhoyila e-biomasslapho i-chlorine kugesi ogelezayo ibangela ukugqwala okuphezulu – I-Alloy 28 isetshenziswa njenge-liner yangaphakathi? Kungcono ukufaka i-cladding ohlangothini lomlilo. Kodwa umklamo wethu ubeka i-cladding ngaphakathi, ingemuva ngaphandle. Ake siphinde sihlele kabusha: Ipayipi eligoqiwe lingaqondiswa noma ngayiphi indlela. I-Womic ingakhiqiza nge-CRA ku-ID (yokugqwala kwangaphakathi) noma ku-OD (yokugqwala kwangaphandle). I-T91+Alloy 28 ivame ukunikezwaI-Alloy 28 ku-IDkanye ne-T91 ku-OD.

Ukuze kucace:I-T91 yangaphandle (OD) inikeza amandla okucindezela kanye nokumelana nokukhukhuleka; I-Alloy 28 yangaphakathi (ID) imelana nokugqwala okuvela kuketshezi lwenqubo.Uma ukugqwala kwangaphandle kuyindaba ekhathazayo, singaguqula izendlalelo.

2. Imininingwane Yezinto Ezibalulekile

2.1 Ukwakheka Kwamakhemikhali (Okuvamile, %)

Isici	I-T91 (Yangaphandle)	I-Alloy 28 (Yangaphakathi)
Ikhabhoni (C)	0.08–0.12	≤0.03
I-Silicon (Si)	0.20–0.50	≤0.50
I-Manganese (Mn)	0.30–0.60	≤2.00
I-Phosphorus (P)	≤0.020	≤0.030
I-Sulfur (S)	≤0.010	≤0.015
I-Chromium (Cr)	8.0–9.5	26.0–28.0
I-Nickel (Ni)	≤0.40	29.0–32.0
I-Molybdenum (Mo)	0.85–1.05	3.0–4.0
Ithusi (Cu)	—	0.6–1.4
I-Vanadium (V)	0.18–0.25	—
I-Niobium (Nb)	0.06–0.10	—
I-nitrogen (N)	0.03–0.07	—

2.2 Izakhiwo Zemishini (Izinga Lokushisa Legumbi)

Impahla	I-T91	Ingxubevange 28
Amandla Okukhiqiza (min, MPa)	415	220
Amandla Okudonsa (min, MPa)	585	500
Ukwelulwa (ubuncane, %)	20	30
Ubulukhuni (ubuningi, HB)	250	230

2.3 Amandla Okushisa Okuphezulu (T91)

Izinga lokushisa (°C)	Amandla Okuqhekeka angu-100,000h (MPa)	Amandla Okukhiqiza (i-MPa)
550	150	320
600	100	280
620	80	260
650	50	220

I-alloy 28 inqunyelwe ku-~450°C ekusetshenzisweni kokugqwala kodwa ingamelana namazinga okushisa aphezulu ensimbi ngaphansi kwezimo ezingagqwali.

2.4 Ukumelana Nokugqwala (Ingxubevange 28)

Indawo ezungezile	Ukumelana
I-asidi ye-sulfuric (zonke izingxube)	Kuhle kakhulu kufika ku-80°C
I-phosphoric acid	Kuhle kakhulu
Ama-chloride (umgodi/umfantu)	I-PREN 38-40, i-CPT ~50°C
I-H₂S + CO₂ + ama-chloride	Kuhle kakhulu (insizakalo emuncu)
Ama-asidi e-organic	Kuhle kakhulu

I-Alloy 28 isebenza kahle kakhulu kune-316L kanye ne-904L ezindaweni ezine-chloride + acid ephezulu futhi ifana ne-Alloy 825 ezimweni eziningi.

3. Inqubo Yokukhiqiza – Ukusakaza Okungenamthungo Kwe-Centrifugal + Ukukhipha

Isinyathelo	Incazelo
1. Ukuphonswa kwe-centrifugal kwe-Alloy 28 tube	I-alloy 28 melt iphonswa nge-centrifugally epayipini elinodonga olujiyile elingenalutho.
2. Faka futhi uhlanganise	I-Alloy 28 blank ifakwe ku-billet yensimbi ye-T91 (eyenziwe ngomshini ukuze ilingane).
3. Ukukhishwa okushisayo	I-billet ehlanganisiwe ishiswa ku-1150-1200°C bese ikhishwa nge-diye. Isilinganiso sokunciphisa okuphezulu (≥8:1) sakha isibopho se-metallurgical endaweni ehlanganayo. I-extrusion iphinde ithuthukise isakhiwo sezinhlamvu.
4. Ukudonsa okubandayo / ukuthuthwa kwempahla (ongakukhetha)	Ukuze kube nokubekezelelana okuqinile noma ububanzi obuncane, kusetshenziswa ama-cold passes amaningi nge-intermediate annealing.
5. Ukwelashwa ngokushisa	Ukulungisa (1050°C) + ukufudumala (760°C) kwe-T91; I-Alloy 28 iyisisombululo esifakwe phakathi nomjikelezo ofanayo.
6. Ukuqondisa nokuqeda	Ukuqondisa kahle, ukusika ngobude, ukucwebezela ekugcineni.
7. I-NDT nokuhlolwa	Bheka iSigaba 4.

4. Ukulawulwa Kwekhwalithi Nokuhlolwa

Ukuhlolwa	Indlela	Ububanzi	Ukwamukelwa
Ukuhlaziywa kwamakhemikhali	Ama-OES	Ukushisa ngakunye (zombili izendlalelo)	Ngokwezincazelo zezinto ezibonakalayo
I-Bond UT	Umzimba ogcwele, ubude + ukucheba	Ishubhu elikhishwe ngo-100%	Akukho ukuhlukaniswa >50mm
I-Tensile @ RT	Isampula ye-longitudinal	Ngeqoqo ngalinye	Ihlangabezana nezincazelo
Ukuqina kwezinga lokushisa eliphakeme	600°C (ongakukhetha)	Ngesicelo ngasinye	Kubikiwe
Ukuqhekeka komoya	600°C / 650°C (ongakukhetha)	Ngesicelo ngasinye	Kubikiwe
Ukuhlolwa kokuthamba	Ngokwe-ASTM A1016	Isabelo ngasinye	Akukho mifantu
Ukuhlolwa kwe-hydrostatic	Ingcindezi yomklamo engu-1.5 ×	Ithubhu ngalinye	Akukho ukuvuza
Ukuhlolwa kobukhulu	Ama-Micrometer / i-laser	100%	OD, WT, ubude
Ukugqwala kwe-intergranular	I-ASTM A262 Practice E (ku-Alloy 28)	Ngesicelo ngasinye	Akukho ukuhlaselwa

Imibhalo:EN 10204 Uhlobo 3.1 (olujwayelekile) noma Uhlobo 3.2 (ufakazi wesithathu).

5. Ububanzi Bobukhulu

I-OD (mm)	Isisekelo (T91) Isisindo (mm)	I-Cladding (i-Alloy 28) Isisindo (mm)	Ubude Obuphezulu (m)
38.1	4.0 – 8.0	1.8 – 2.5	15
44.5	5.0 – 8.0	1.8 – 2.5	15
51.0	5.0 – 10.0	2.0 – 2.8	15
63.5	5.0 – 12.0	2.0 – 3.0	15
76.2	6.0 – 12.0	2.0 – 3.0	15
88.9	6.0 – 12.0	2.0 – 3.0	15
101.6	6.0 – 12.0	2.0 – 3.0	15
114.3	6.0 – 12.0	2.0 – 3.0	12
141.3	8.0 – 15.0	2.2 – 3.5	12
168.3	8.0 – 15.0	2.5 – 3.5	12

I-OD enkulu ingenzeka nge-hot roll bonding (umthungo ohlanganisiwe) - xhumana nathi ukuthola imininingwane.

6. Izicelo Ezijwayelekile

● Amashubhu e-superheater/reheater ebhoyila abaluleke kakhulu– lapho izinga lokushisa ohlangothini lwegesi yoketshezi lidlula ama-600°C futhi uhlangothi lomusi noma amadiphozithi angaphakathi adinga ukuvikelwa kokugqwala.

●Ama-boiler okubuyisa ukushisa okungcolile ezitshalweni ze-sulfuric acid– igesi eshisayo ye-SO₂/SO₃ ngaphandle, ingozi yokuminyana kwe-asidi ebuthakathaka ngaphakathi. I-T91 inikeza amandla okukhukhuleka; I-Alloy 28 imelana nokuhlaselwa yi-asidi.

●Izishintshi zokushisa eziphezulu zama-hydrocarbon ane-chlorine– uketshezi lwangaphakathi luqukethe ama-chloride nama-organic acid kufika ku-400°C; I-Alloy 28 ivimbela ukugoba kanye ne-SCC.

●I-biomass / imfucuza eya ezitshalweni zamandla– igesi yoketshezi iqukethe i-chlorine kanye nosawoti we-alkali; ishubhu elimbozwe nge-T91+Alloy 28 (elinohlangothi lomlilo lwe-Alloy 28) landisa impilo yeshubhu.

●Ama-hydrogen reformer / ama-syngas cooler– isevisi lapho kukhona khona kokubili ukushisa okuphezulu kanye nokugqwala ngenxa yokungcola okuncane.

7. Kungani i-Womic Steel ye-T91+Alloy 28

●Ukwakhiwa okungenamthungo– akukho mthungo wokushisela we-longitudinal, okususa iphuzu elivamile lokwehluleka ekusebenzeni kokujikeleza kokushisa okuphezulu.

● Indlela yokukhipha eqinisekisiwe– Sinolwazi lokukhiqiza amashubhu amancane, ambozwe ngodonga oluncane ukuze kusetshenziswe amabhoyila kanye ne-heat exchanger.

● Ikhono lokugoba u-U– Ukugoba okubandayo ngokwelashwa kokushisa; kungahlinzeka ngezinto ze-superheater ezenziwe ngokuphelele.

● Ukulandeleka okugcwele– Ithubhu ngalinye liphawulwe ngezinombolo zokushisa ze-T91 kanye ne-Alloy 28.

● Isitifiketi– EN 10204 Uhlobo 3.2 luyatholakala; lungasebenza ne-TÜV, i-BV, noma i-DNV ukuze kulandelwe ikhodi yebhoyila.

8. Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa

Q: Ingabe i-T91+Alloy 28 ingasetshenziswa ekuhlinzekeni nge-hydrogen enomfutho ophezulu?
A: I-T91 isengozini yokuqothuka kwe-hydrogen uma izinga lokushisa liphezulu. Ukuze uthole isevisi ye-hydrogen, sincoma insimbi e-alloy ephansi + 316L noma i-Inconel 625 clad. Xhumana nathi ukuze uthole izincomo ezithile.

U: Ingabe i-Alloy 28 cladding ihlala ikhona ku-ID?
A: Ukucushwa kwethu okujwayelekile yi-Alloy 28 ku-ID (ohlangothini loketshezi). Ngezinhlelo zokusebenza lapho ukugqwala kwangaphandle kuyinkinga (isb., igesi yoketshezi egqwalisayo engaphandle eshisa kakhulu), singakhiqiza ithubhu elimboziwe eline-Alloy 28 ku-OD. Sicela ucacise indlela lapho u-oda.

Q: Buyini ubukhulu obuncane bokubopha ukuze kube nesibopho esithembekile?
A: Ukuze kukhishwe ngaphandle okunomthungo, i-1.5mm iwubuncane obusebenzayo. Ukuze kuvunyelwe ukugqwala okukhulu, sincoma ukuthi kusetshenziswe okungenani i-≥2.0mm.

U: Ungakwazi yini ukunikeza ama-U-bend?
A: Yebo. Senza ukugoba okubandayo nge-mandrel, kulandelwe ukwelashwa kokushisa okugcwele (ukuqeda ukucindezeleka noma ukujwayeza + ukufudumala) kanye ne-100% NDT yesigaba esigobile.

Q: I-Alloy 28 iqhathaniswa kanjani ne-Incoloy 825?
A: I-Alloy 28 ine-Cr ne-Ni ephezulu, i-Mo ephansi kancane, futhi iqukethe i-Cu. Ifana kakhulu ekumelaneni nokugqwala iyonke. I-Alloy 28 ivame ukusebenza kahle eYurophu; i-Incoloy 825 ivame kakhulu kumaphrojekthi e-US spec. Zombili zingasetshenziswa ngensizakalo efanayo ye-acidic/chloride. Sihlinzeka noma yikuphi uma kuceliwe.