Izinto Eziyinhloko (Ukusekela)
Izinto Eziyinhloko (Ukusekela):I-SA-213 T91 (X10CrMoVNb9-1 / 1.4903) – insimbi engangenisi ukukhukhuleka kwe-martensitic, 9%Cr, 1%Mo, V+Nb; izinga lokushisa eliphezulu lesevisi lingu-650°C
Ukubopha (i-CRA liner):I-UNS N08028 (Ingxubevange 28 / 1.4563) – ingxubevange ephezulu ye-austenitic (27%Cr, 31%Ni, 3.5%Mo, 1%Cu); I-PREN 38-40; imelana ne-sulfuric/phosphorus acid, ama-chloride aphezulu, izindawo ezimuncu
Ububanzi Bosayizi:OD 38 – 168 mm; Ubukhulu bodonga oluyinhloko 4 – 15 mm; Ubukhulu bokumboza 2.0 – 3.5 mm; ubude obubodwa bufika ku-15 m
Inqubo:Ukukhipha okushisayo → ukuqeda okubandayo → ukwelashwa kokushisa (ukulungisa + ukufudumala kwe-T91, ukufakelwa kwesisombululo se-Alloy 28) → ukugaya. Kungenamthungo ngokuphelele, akukho ukushintshwa kwe-longitudinal. Amandla okushefa kwesibopho se-Metallurgical ≥300 MPa.
Amazinga:Isigaba II se-ASME Ingxenye A (SA-213/SA-213M), EN10216-2 (ye-T91), ASTM SB-668 (N08028), EN10088-3 (1.4563), EN12952-2, ASTM E213, ISO 10893-10.
Ukuhlolwa:I-hydrostatic engu-100%, i-ultrasonic ngokwe-ASTM E213/ISO 10893-10, ukuthamba (igumbi kanye nokushisa okuphezulu), ubulukhuni, ukuthamba, kanye nokuhlolwa kokugqwala okungakhethwa phakathi kwe-granular (i-ASTM A262 Practice E) kokumbozwa. Isitifiketi se-EN 10204 Uhlobo 3.1 (Uhlobo 3.2 olungakhethwa).
Izicelo:Ama-superheater/ama-reheater okugcina e-boiler abaluleke kakhulu (650°C), ama-boiler okubuyisa ukushisa okungcolile ezitshalweni ze-sulfuric acid, ama-boiler e-biomass/waste-to-energy (ukugqwala kwe-chlorine), ama-heat exchanger okushisa aphezulu ama-hydrocarbon ane-chlorine, ama-heater e-refinery anokudla okuphezulu kwe-sulfur/chloride.
Insimbi YaseWomicihlinzeka ngepayipi elimbozwe nge-T91+Alloy 28 – ikhambi eliphelele lokukhukhuleka okuhlangene kokushisa okuphezulu kanye nokugqwala okukhulu. Kufakazelwe ekukhiqizeni ugesi, izitshalo ze-asidi, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamandla okuthuthukisiwe. Ukulandelela okugcwele, ukuhlolwa komuntu wesithathu sekulungile. Xhumana nathi ukuthola idatha yobuchwepheshe kanye nesilinganiso esithile sephrojekthi.
1. Kungani i-SA-213 T91 + UNS N08028 (i-Alloy 28) Clad Pipe ifakiwe?
1.1 Inselele
Izinto ezimbili ngokwahlukana azikwazi ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zesevisi ezibucayi:
● I-T91 (X10CrMoVNb9-1)inikeza amandla amahle kakhulu okuqhekeka kokuqhuma okufika ku-650°C kanye nokumelana okuhle kwe-oxidation, kodwa ukumelana kwayo nokugqwala ezindaweni ezine-acidic, high-chloride, noma ezimuncu kunqunyelwe. I-flue gas condensate (i-sulfuric/phosphorus acid) noma ama-chloride aseceleni kwenqubo ahlasela ngokushesha i-T91.
●I-Solid Alloy 28 (UNS N08028)inikeza ukumelana okumangalisayo ne-sulfuric acid, i-phosphoric acid, ama-chloride aphezulu, kanye nokuqhekeka kokugqwala kokucindezeleka. Kodwa-ke, kuyabiza futhi akunamandla okuhamba adingekayo ekusetshenzisweni kwebhoyila enomfutho ophezulu, nokushisa okuphezulu.
1.2 Isixazululo
●Ipayipi elimbozwe nge-T91+Alloy elingu-28ihlanganisa i-T91 core ejiyile (iphatha ingcindezi kanye nokuqhekeka) ngengqimba yangaphakathi encane (2-3.5 mm) ye-Alloy 28 (iphatha ukugqwala). Isibopho sisebenza ngensimbi - akukho ukuwohloka kwe-liner, akukho ukugqwala kwe-crevice. Umphumela:
●I-T91 coreiqinisekisa ukuhambisana nesigaba I / EN12952 se-ASME kuze kufike ku-650°C izinga lokushisa lensimbi.
● I-Alloy 28 claddingimelana nokujiya kwe-sulfuric acid, ama-chloride amaningi, nama-organic acid, ivikela ithubhu ngaphakathi.
●Izindlekoiphansi ngo-40-60% kuneshubhu eliqinile le-Alloy 28 elinesilinganiso sokucindezela esilinganayo.
Le nhlanganisela isetshenziswa kabanzi ku:
●Izingxenye zokugcina ze-superheater/reheaterama-boiler asebenzisa amalahle abaluleke kakhulu lapho ukugqwala ohlangothini lwegesi yomoya (ngenxa yamalahle aphezulu esibabule) kusetshenziswa i-T91 kuphela.
●Ama-boiler okubuyisa ukushisa kwemfucuza (i-WHRB)phansi kwezitshalo ze-sulfuric acid – igesi iqukethe i-SO₃, futhi ngesikhathi sezinkampani ezintsha, i-asidi iyancipha ezindaweni zamapayipi.
●Amabhoyila e-biomass / imfucuza ibe amandla– i-chlorine ephezulu kuphethiloli ibangela ukugqwala okukhulu; Ukumbozwa kwe-Alloy 28 ohlangothini lomlilo (noma ohlangothini lwangaphakathi, kuye ngokuthi ukwakheka) kwandisa impilo yamapayipi kakhulu.
●Izishintshi zokushisa eziphezulukwezinqubo zamakhemikhali ezihilela ama-hydrocarbon ane-chlorine noma ama-acid ashisayo.
1.3 Indlela Yokukhiqiza
Ukukhipha okushisayo + ukuqeda okubandayo + ukwelashwa ngokushisa + ukuthosa. Le nqubo iqinisekisa ithubhu elingenamthungo elingenazo izithungo zokushisela ezinde, indawo evame kakhulu yokwehluleka epayipini elimbozwe nge-weld ngaphansi kokukhathala kokushisa.
2. Imininingwane Yezinto Ezibalulekile – I-T91 Core & Alloy 28 Cladding
2.1 Ukwakheka Kwamakhemikhali (% ngobuningi)
| Isici | I-SA 213 T91 (Eyinhloko) | I-UNS N08028 (I-Alloy 28 / Ukubopha) |
| Ikhabhoni (C) | 0.08 – 0.12 | ≤0.03 |
| I-Silicon (Si) | 0.20 – 0.50 | ≤0.50 |
| I-Manganese (Mn) | 0.30 – 0.60 | ≤2.00 |
| I-Phosphorus (P) | ≤0.020 | ≤0.030 |
| I-Sulfur (S) | ≤0.010 | ≤0.015 |
| I-Chromium (Cr) | 8.0 – 9.5 | 26.0 – 28.0 |
| I-Molybdenum (Mo) | 0.85 – 1.05 | 3.0 – 4.0 |
| I-Nickel (Ni) | ≤0.40 | 29.0 – 32.0 |
| Ithusi (Cu) | — | 0.6 – 1.4 |
| I-Vanadium (V) | 0.18 – 0.25 | — |
| I-Niobium (Nb) | 0.06 – 0.10 | — |
| I-nitrogen (N) | 0.03 – 0.07 | — |
| Insimbi (Fe) | Ibhalansi | Ibhalansi |
I-T91 iyinsimbi engangenisi ukuqhekeka kwe-martensitic; I-Alloy 28 iyi-alloy ephezulu ye-austenitic egcwele i-Cr, i-Ni, i-Mo, ne-Cu ephezulu - enikeza ukumelana okumangalisayo nokunciphisa kanye noku-oxidizing acids, i-chloride pitting, kanye ne-SSC.
2.2 Izakhiwo Zemishini (Izinga Lokushisa Legumbi)
| Impahla | I-T91 Core | I-Alloy 28 Cladding |
| Amandla Okukhiqiza (min, MPa) | 415 | 220 |
| Amandla Okudonsa (min, MPa) | 585 | 500 |
| Ukwelulwa (ubuncane, %) | 20 | 30 |
| Ubulukhuni (ubuningi) | 250 HB | 230 HB |
2.3 Amandla Okucwila Okushisa Okuphezulu (i-T91 Core)
| Izinga lokushisa (°C) | Amandla Okuqhekeka angu-100,000h (MPa) | Umkhawulo Wokucwila ongu-0.2% (MPa) |
| 550 | 150 | 120 |
| 580 | 120 | 95 |
| 600 | 100 | 80 |
| 620 | 80 | 60 |
| 650 | 55 | 40 |
I-alloy 28 ayihloselwe ukuthwala umthwalo emazingeni okushisa aphezulu; indima yayo ukuvikela ukugqwala kuphela. I-core ye-T91 ithwala umthwalo womshini.
2.4 Ukumelana Nokugqwala Kwe-Alloy 28 Cladding
| Indawo ezungezile | Izinga Lokumelana |
| I-asidi ye-sulfuric (ukuhlushwa okungu-0-80%, kufika ku-80°C) | Kuhle kakhulu |
| I-Phosphoric acid (zonke izingxube) | Kuhle kakhulu |
| I-Hydrochloric acid (incibilikisa, izinga lokushisa legumbi) | Kuhle |
| Ama-chloride (umgodi/umfantu) | PREN 38-40; izinga lokushisa elibucayi lembobo (CPT) ~50°C |
| I-H₂S + CO₂ + ama-chloride (isevisi emuncu) | Kuhle kakhulu; Ihambisana ne-NACE MR0175 |
| Ama-asidi e-organic (i-acetic, i-formic, njll.) | Kuhle kakhulu |
*I-Alloy 28 isebenza kahle kakhulu kune-316L, 904L, ngisho ne-254SMO ezinhlanganisweni eziningi ze-acid + chloride.*
2.5 Isixhumanisi Sokubopha
| Impahla | Inani |
| Uhlobo lwebhondi | I-Metallurgical (ukusabalala) |
| Amandla okucheba (phusha ngaphandle) | ≥300 MPa (kuqinisekisa ukuthi akukho ukuhlukaniswa komoya ngaphansi kokujikeleza kokushisa) |
| Umkhawulo wesici owamukelekayo we-UT | Akukho ukuhlukaniswa >50 mm; ukuhlukaniswa okuphelele <2% wendawo yesixhumi esibonakalayo |
2.6 Ububanzi Bokulinganisa
| I-OD (mm) | Isisindo Esiyinhloko (mm) | Isisindo Esimboziwe (mm) | Ubude Obuphezulu (m) |
| 38.1 | 4.0 – 8.0 | 2.0 – 2.5 | 15 |
| 44.5 | 5.0 – 8.0 | 2.0 – 2.8 | 15 |
| 51.0 | 5.0 – 10.0 | 2.0 – 3.0 | 15 |
| 63.5 | 5.0 – 12.0 | 2.0 – 3.0 | 15 |
| 76.2 | 6.0 – 12.0 | 2.2 – 3.0 | 15 |
| 88.9 | 6.0 – 12.0 | 2.5 – 3.2 | 15 |
| 101.6 | 6.0 – 12.0 | 2.5 – 3.5 | 15 |
| 114.3 | 8.0 – 15.0 | 2.5 – 3.5 | 12 |
| 141.3 | 8.0 – 15.0 | 2.5 – 3.5 | 12 |
| 168.3 | 10.0 – 15.0 | 3.0 – 3.5 | 12 |
*I-OD enkulu (kufika ku-500 mm) kungenzeka nge-hot roll bonding + JCOE; xhumana ukuze uthole ukuthi iyatholakala.*
3. Inqubo Yokukhiqiza – Ukukhipha Okushisayo, Ukuqeda Okubandayo, Ukwelashwa Kokushisa, Ukuthosa
Indlela yokukhiqiza ibhekana ngqo nezidingo ezahlukene zokwelashwa kokushisa kwe-martensitic T91 kanye ne-austenitic Alloy 28.
| Isinyathelo | Incazelo | Amaphuzu Okulawula |
| 1. I-billet ehlanganisiwe | I-T91 billet bored, i-Alloy 28 tube insert. Ivaliwe nge-vacuum (<10 Pa). | Ukuhlanzeka kwendawo; ukugxila |
| 2. Ukukhishwa okushisayo | 1180-1220°C, isilinganiso sokunciphisa ≥8:1. | Izinga lokushisa, isivinini, ukuthambisa |
| 3. Ukupholisa umoya | Ngemva kokukhipha umoya, umoya wepayipi upholile (kuqala ukuguqulwa kwe-martensitic). | Izinga lokupholisa |
| 4. Ukuqeda okubandayo | Ukudweba okubandayo / ukuhamba ngezinyawo kuya kobukhulu bokugcina. | Amaphasi amaningi, i-anneal ephakathi (thambisa i-Alloy 28). |
| 5. Ukwelashwa ngokushisa (okubucayi) | Ukulungisa ku-1040-1060°C (umoya noma ukupholisa okusheshayo) + ukupholisa ku-760-780°C. Lokhu kufeza isakhiwo se-T91 microstructure sokugcina (i-martensite eqinisiwe). Ngesikhathi esifanayo, i-Alloy 28 cladding ifakwa isixazululo. | Irekhodi lesithando, ukuhlolwa kobulukhuni |
| 6. Ukukha amanzi | Ibhavu le-HNO₃+HF lisusa isikali se-oxide ku-T91 kanye ne-Alloy 28. | Isikhathi, izinga lokushisa, ukuhlushwa kwe-asidi |
| 7. Qondanisa futhi usike | Njengoba kuboniswe ngobude bokugcina. | Ukuqonda ≤1.5mm/m |
| 8. I-NDT kanye ne-hydro | Ngokwesigaba 4 | Ukulandeleka okugcwele |
| 9. Qeda ukuqeda | I-Bevel / i-plain; ukufaka ibhotela okungakhethwa (i-Alloy 625 noma i-Alloy 28 filler ebusweni be-bevel). | Okulinganiselwe |
Isici sekhwalithi esiyinhloko:Ukwelashwa ngokushisa kukhiqiza umongo we-T91 onamandla okukhukhuleka afanele kanye ne-Alloy 28 cladding enokumelana nokugqwala okugcwele, konke ngomjikelezo owodwa.
4. Ukuhlolwa Nokuhlolwa – Ukuhlangabezana Nezidingo ze-ASME, EN, kanye Neklayenti
Ngepayipi elimbozwe nge-T91+Alloy 28, sisebenzisa uhlelo oluqinile, oluhlanganisa nokuhlolwa okufanelekela ngqo isevisi yokushisa okuphezulu.
| Ukuhlolwa | Okujwayelekile | Ububanzi | Ukwamukelwa |
| Ukuhlaziywa kwamakhemikhali | Ama-OES | Ukushisa ngakunye (i-core & cladding) | I-ASME SA-213 T91, i-ASTM SB-668 |
| I-Ultrasonic (i-longitudinal kanye ne-bond) | I-ASTM E213 + ISO 10893-10 | 100% | Akukho sici esingenqatshwa, ubuqotho besibopho |
| Ukuhlolwa kwe-hydrostatic | I-ASME SA-450 / EN12952-2 | Ithubhu ngalinye | Akukho ukuvuza, ukunwetshwa okuhlala njalo kulungile |
| Ukuthamba (izinga lokushisa legumbi) | I-ASME / EN | Ngokushisa ngakunye (ingqikithi) | I-T91: YS≥415 MPa, TS≥585 MPa |
| Ukuqina kwezinga lokushisa eliphezulu | 600°C (ongakukhetha) | Ngokushisa ngakunye | Kuzobikwa (hhayi imininingwane encane) |
| Ukuhlolwa kokuqhekeka kwe-creep | 600°C noma 650°C | Ngesicelo ngasinye | Ongakukhetha; ishajwa ngokwehlukana |
| Ukuqina (umongo kanye nokumbozwa) | I-HV10 | Iqembu | I-T91 ≤250 HV; Ingxubevange 28 ≤230 HV |
| Ukuhlolwa kokuthamba | I-SA 450 | Ngokushisa/ngosayizi | Akukho ukuqhekeka ekucindezelweni kwe-OD okungu-2/3 |
| Ukugqwala kwe-intergranular | I-ASTM A262 Practice E (ku-Alloy 28) | Ngeqoqo ngalinye (ongakukhetha) | Akukho ukuhlaselwa kwe-intergranular |
| I-PMI (XRF) | Ukuhlonza izinto ezinhle | Ithubhu ngalinye (ongakukhetha) | Qinisekisa ibanga le-alloy |
Imibhalo:EN 10204 Uhlobo 3.1. Uhlobo 3.2 olunomhloli wesithathu (SGS, BV, DNV, TÜV njll.) olutholakalayo.
5. Izicelo Ngokuningiliziwe
5.1 I-Superheater Yokugcina Ye-Supercritical Boiler / I-Reheater Yokugcina
Inkinga:Igesi yoketshezi lwamalahle ene-sulfur ephezulu iqukethe i-SO₃, okuthi, ngesikhathi somthwalo ophansi noma ukuqala, ijiye njenge-sulfuric acid ezindaweni zamapayipi. I-T91 ejwayelekile ihlushwa yizimbobo kanye nokuchitheka.
Isixazululo:Ipayipi elimbozwe nge-T91+Alloy 28 eline-Alloy 28 ohlangothini lomlilo (noma ngaphakathi uma lidlula kabili). I-T91 core igcina amandla okukhukhuleka ku-600-620°C; I-Alloy 28 imelana nokuhlaselwa yi-asidi. Izitshalo zamandla eziningana zaseShayina nezaseYurophu ziye zamukela lo mklamo.
5.2 Ibhoyila Yokubuyisa Ukushisa Okungcolile Ezitshalweni Ze-Sulfuric Acid
Inqubo:Igesi yenqubo eshisayo (600°C, equkethe i-SO₂, SO₃) ingena kubhoyila yokushisa engcolile ukuze ikhiqize umusi. Ngesikhathi sokuvala, i-SO₃ ihlangana nomswakama ukuze yakhe i-sulfuric acid ehlanganisiwe, ehlangana emapayipini abandayo.
Isixazululo:I-Alloy 28 cladding ohlangothini lwegesi (OD) noma i-ID kuye ngomklamo. I-T91 inikeza ukumelana kokuqhekeka okudingekayo. Le nhlanganisela manje isijwayelekile ezitshalweni eziningi ezintsha ze-sulfuric acid.
5.3 Amabhoyila e-Biomass / Waste-to-Energy
Inselele:I-Biomass (utshani, izingcezu zokhuni, uphethiloli otholakala kudoti) iqukethe i-chlorine (KCl, NaCl). Ku-500-600°C, igesi ye-chlorine nama-chloride adla kakhulu ama-alloy avamile, akhe i-iron chloride futhi alahleke ngokushesha ngensimbi.
Isixazululo:I-Alloy 28 cladding (high Ni, Mo, Cr) imelana nokuhlaselwa yi-chlorine. I-T91 core igcina ukuqina komfutho webhoyila. Abaqhubi babika ukuthi impilo yamapayipi ikhuphuke kusukela eminyakeni eyi-1-2 kuya eminyakeni eyi-6-8 ngemuva kokushintshela kumapayipi avaliwe.
5.4 Izishintshi Zokushisa Eziphezulu Zama-Hydrocarbon Ane-Chlorin
Isibonelo:Ezitshalweni ze-vinyl chloride monomer (VCM), amagesi enqubo aqukethe izinto eziphilayo ezi-chlorine kanye ne-HCl ku-400-450°C. Insimbi engagqwali ejwayelekile (304L) iyahluleka ngokufakwa kwe-pitting kanye ne-SCC. I-Alloy 28 cladding inikeza ukumelana okuphezulu. I-T91 core inikeza amandla adingekayo kanye nokumelana nokuqhekeka.
6. Izinzuzo Ngaphezu Kwemiklamo Encintisanayo
| Okunye | Kungani i-T91+Alloy 28 ingcono |
| Ishubhu le-T91 eliqinile | Isengozini yokuminyana kwe-asidi, umgodi, kanye nokuhlaselwa yi-chloride. Ishintshwa njalo. |
| Ishubhu le-Solid Alloy 28 | Kubiza kakhulu; amandla aphansi okukhiqiza aphoqelela udonga olujiyile, okwandisa izindleko kanye nesisindo. |
| I-T91 ene-weld overlay ye-Alloy 28 | Ukumboza kuyabiza, kuhamba kancane, futhi kunzima ukukufaka ngendlela efanayo kumashubhu amancane; kungenzeka ukuthi i-alloy incibilike. Ukukhipha kunikeza ukumboza okufanayo ngentengo ephansi. |
| Ipayipi elinophahla lwemishini | I-Liner iyawa ngaphansi kokujikeleza kokushisa (okuvamile kuma-boiler) – akwamukeleki ngesevisi yokushisa okuphezulu. |
| Ipayipi elimbozwe nge-alloy 625 | I-Alloy 625 ibiza kakhulu kune-Alloy 28 futhi ingase ichazwe ngokweqile ezindaweni eziningi ze-asidi. I-Alloy 28 inikeza ibhalansi yokusebenza kwezindleko enhle kakhulu. |
Ukonga izindleko:Uma kuqhathaniswa nepayipi eliqinile le-Alloy 28 elinesilinganiso esifanayo sokucindezela, ipayipi elimbozwe nge-T91+Alloy 28 linciphisa izindleko zezinto zokwakha ngo50-60%(ngoba i-T91 inamandla aphezulu, ivumela udonga oluncane, futhi i-alloy isetshenziswa kuphela njenge-liner encane).
7. Ukuqinisekiswa Kwekhwalithi Nokulandelela
●Ukulandelelwa:Kokubili ukushisa kwe-T91 kanye ne-Alloy 28 kuyaqoshwa futhi kugxivizwe kuthubhu ngayinye eqediwe. Zonke izitifiketi zomhlinzeki (3.1) ziyagcinwa.
● Ukulawulwa kwenqubo:Izinga lokushisa lokukhipha, isivinini sokukhipha, amashadi okwelapha ukushisa, imingcele yokuhlanza uketshezi konke kubhaliwe.
● Ukuhlolwa komuntu wesithathu:Senza kube lula ukufakaza nge-SGS, BV, DNV, TÜV, noma i-ABS kunoma yisiphi isigaba (ukwamukela izinto, ukukhipha, i-NDT yokugcina). Izitifiketi ze-EN 10204 Type 3.2 zikhishwe ngokufanele.
8. Ukupakisha Nokuthumela
●Isimo somphezulu:Kufakwe ukhilimu bese kufakwe i-passive – kulungele ukufakwa. Ukugcoba ngamafutha ngaphandle kungakhethwa.
●Ukuvikelwa kokuphela:Izivalo zepulasitiki (izivalo zensimbi ezitholakalayo zobubanzi obukhulu).
●Inqwaba:Ububanzi obuncane (<88.9 mm) ngama-hex bundles anezikhala zokhuni. Ububanzi obukhulu bubekwe eceleni.
●Isitsha:Izitsha ezingama-20′ noma ezingama-40′. Uma ubude bungaphezu kwamamitha ayi-12, vula i-rack ephezulu noma eyisicaba.
●Isikhathi esiholayo:I-oda lokuqala lithatha amasonto angu-16-20 (ngenxa yokutholwa kwe-alloy okukhethekile). Phinda ama-oda amasonto angu-12-14. Amaqoqo okulinga (100 kuya ku-200 m) angase asheshe - buza.
9. Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa (Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa) – Ipayipi Elimboziwe Le-T91+Alloy 28
Q1: Lingakanani izinga lokushisa eliphezulu kakhulu lale payipi elimboziwe?
A: I-core ye-T91 ilinganiselwe amazinga okushisa ensimbi afinyelela ku-650°C(1202°F) ngokwesigaba I se-ASME (amandla okuhamba alawula). I-Alloy 28 cladding ingamelana nokushisa okufanayo, kodwa ukumelana kwayo nokugqwala kungancishiswa ngaphezu kuka-450°C uma indawo igqwala kakhulu. Eziningi zezicelo zebhoyila (600-620°C), zombili ziyamukeleka.
Umbuzo 2: Ingabe i-Alloy 28 ifanelekile ekugxilweni okuphezulu kwe-sulfuric acid?
A: Yebo. I-Alloy 28 ikhombisa ukumelana okuhle kakhulu ne-sulfuric acid kuze kufike ku-80% kanye namazinga okushisa afinyelela ku-80°C. Kuma-waste heat boilers, i-acid condensate ivame ukuba ngu-60-70% H₂SO₄ ngaphansi kuka-200°C - I-Alloy 28 isebenza kahle kakhulu.
Umbuzo 3: Singakwazi yini ukubuyisela emuva izendlalelo – sibeke i-Alloy 28 ku-OD kanye ne-T91 ku-ID?
A: Yebo, uma usongo lokugqwala luvela ngaphandle (isb., igesi yomoya yangaphandle). Singakhiqiza ipayipi elimboziwe elinesendlalelo se-CRA kububanzi bangaphandle. Sicela ucacise ukuma ngoku-oda.
UMBUZO 4: Ingabe wenza ukuhlolwa kokuqina noma kokuqina kwezinga lokushisa eliphezulu?
A: Asizifaki njalo, kodwa singahlela amasampula amancane athathwe epayipini elikhishwe (elibhubhisayo) ngezindleko ezengeziwe. Ukuhlolwa kokuqhekeka okubonwe ngumuntu wesithathu, sicela unikeze isikhathi esengeziwe (amasonto ama-4-6) kanye nezindleko.
Umbuzo 5: Yisiphi insimbi yokugcwalisa okufanele isetshenziswe ekushiseleni ipayipi elimbozwe nge-T91+Alloy 28?
A: Ukuze uthole i-root pass (ukumboza kuya ekumbozeni), sebenzisa i-Alloy 625 (ERNiCrMo-3) noma i-Alloy 59 filler. Ukuze uthole i-filling pass (core T91 kuya ku-T91), sebenzisa i-T91 filler efanayo (E9015-B9 noma efanayo). Sincoma inqubo yokushisela efanelekile (i-WPS) yejoyinti ngayinye yensimu; i-Womic inganikeza isampula ye-WPS uma iceliwe.
Umbuzo 6: Ingabe i-Alloy 28 cladding ihlangabezana ne-NACE MR0175 yesevisi emuncu?
A: Yebo. I-Alloy 28 (UNS N08028) ibhalwe ku-NACE MR0175 / ISO 15156 kuze kufike ku-450°C ezindaweni ezimuncu. Ayimelani ne-SSC kanye ne-HIC. Ingasetshenziswa ekucindezelweni okuyingxenye okuphezulu kwe-H₂S.
Umbuzo 7: Ingabe ipayipi elimboziwe liyatholakala elineziphetho ezigobile kanye nebhotela le-CRA?
A: Yebo. I-angle ejwayelekile ye-bevel engu-30-35° ene-1.6 mm yokufika. Singafaka ungqimba lwebhotela (i-Alloy 28 noma i-Alloy 625) ebusweni be-bevel, obungaba ngu-2-3 mm ubukhulu, ukuvimbela ukuncibilika kwe-cladding ngesikhathi sokushisela insimu.
Umbuzo 8: Yikuphi ukujiya okuvamile kwe-OD kanye nodonga lwamashubhu ebhoyila e-biomass?
A: I-OD evamile ingu-51-76 mm, isisindo esiyinhloko singu-5-8 mm, i-cladding ingu-2-2.5 mm. Sicela usithinte ngezidingo zakho zobukhulu obuthile.
Umbuzo 9: Ingabe ukuthathwa kwekhabhoni kusuka ku-T91 kuya ku-Alloy 28 ngesikhathi sokukhipha kuyindaba ekhathazayo?
A: Cha. Inqubo yokukhipha yakha indawo encane kakhulu yokusabalalisa (ngokuvamile i-5-10 μm). Ukwakheka kwe-Alloy 28 kuhlala ngaphakathi kwencazelo; siqinisekisa nge-PMI. Ingozi yokuzwela ayinakwa.
UMBUZO 10: Ungakwazi yini ukunikeza izitifiketi ze-EN 10204 Type 3.2 zaleli payipi elimboziwe?
A: Yebo. Singahlela ukuhlolwa komuntu wesithathu yi-TÜV, BV, DNV, noma i-SGS. Sicela ubonise isikhathi soku-oda.
10. Ulwazi Loku-oda Nokuxhumana
Ukuze uthole ikhotheshini ku-Ipayipi elimbozwe ngensimbi elingenamthungo le-SA-213 T91 / UNS N08028 (i-Alloy 28), sicela unikeze:
● OD, ubukhulu bodonga oluyinhloko, ubukhulu be-cladding
● Ubude ngesiqephu ngasinye kanye nobude obuphelele
● Ukuqondiswa (i-CRA ku-ID noma i-OD)
● Izitifiketi ezidingekayo (3.1 noma 3.2, i-ejensi yangaphandle)
● Isikhathi sokulethwa (i-FOB noma i-CIF)
● Noma yikuphi ukuhlolwa okwengeziwe (ukuhuzuka, ukugqwala okuphakathi kwezinhlamvu, ukucindezelwa kwezinga lokushisa eliphezulu)
I-Womic Steel – Umkhiqizi ohamba phambili wepayipi elimbozwe ngokushisa okuphezulu lokusetshenziswa kwamandla adingayo kanye namakhemikhali
Iwebhusayithi: www.womicsteel.com
I-imeyili: sales@womicsteel.com
Ucingo / WhatsApp / WeChat:
UVictor: +86 15575100681
UJack: +86 18390957568
Insimbi Yom-Womic – Ukuhlanganisa insimbi engangenisi ukukhukhuleka ne-alloy engangenisi ukugqwala ngokusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe bokukhipha okushisayo.
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