Ukubuka Konke Komkhiqizo
Ingxube ibizwa nangokuthi i-AISI 660, iBanga 660, i-ASTM A453 iBanga 660, futhi isetshenziswa kabanzi ekufakweni kwebholti kanye ne-fastener ekushiseni okuphezulu lapho kudingeka khona kokubili amandla kanye nokumelana ne-oxidation. I-Inconel 660 iyingxube yokuqinisa imvula ethola amandla akhethekile ngokwelashwa kokushisa okulawulwayo okuguga. Uma kuqhathaniswa nezinsimbi ezijwayelekile ezingagqwali, iBanga 660 linikeza amandla aphezulu kakhulu okuqhekeka kanye nokumelana okuphezulu kwe-oxidation emazingeni okushisa aphezulu, okwenza kube yinto ejwayelekile yezingxenye zenjini yejethi, izinamathiseli ze-turbine, kanye nezinhlelo zokusebenza zezimoto ezisebenza kahle kakhulu.
Kuyini i-Inconel 660?
I-Inconel 660 iyi-superalloy ye-nickel-chromium esekelwe ensimbi eqiniswa ukuna kwesigaba se-γ' [Ni₃(Al,Ti)] ngesikhathi sokwelashwa kokushisa okuguga. I-alloy iqukethe cishe i-nickel engu-24-27%, i-chromium engu-13.5-16%, kanye nokwengezwa kwe-titanium (1.9-2.35%), i-aluminium (0.10-0.35%), i-molybdenum (1.0-1.5%), kanye ne-vanadium (0.10-0.50%). Yenzelwe izinhlelo zokusebenza ezidinga amandla aphezulu afinyelela ku-700°C ngokumelana okuhle nokugqwala.
Ibanga 660 laziwa ngalezi zinto ezilandelayo:
- Amandla okushisa aphezulukufika ku-704°C (1300°F)
- Ukumelana okuhle kakhulu nokuqhekeka kokuqhekekaemazingeni okushisa aphezulu
- Ukuna kwemvula kuyaqinangokwelashwa okushisa okuguga okujwayelekile
- Ukumelana okuhle kwe-oxidationkufika ku-815°C
- Ukumelana nokuphumula kokucindezelekaemazingeni okushisa aphezulu
- Okungeyona i-magneticizakhiwo
- Ukulungiswa kahlekanye nokusebenza kahle kwemishini
Ukwakheka Kwamakhemikhali
| Isici | I-UNS S66286 (ASTM) | I-SUH660 (JIS) | I-GH2132 (GB) | Indima |
| I-Nickel (Ni) | 24.0 – 27.0 | 24.0 – 27.0 | 24.0 – 27.0 | Isiqinisi se-Austenite, ukumelana nokugqwala |
| I-Chromium (Cr) | 13.5 – 16.0 | 13.5 – 16.0 | 13.5 – 16.0 | Ukumelana ne-oxidation, i-carbide yangaphambili |
| I-Molybdenum (Mo) | 1.0 – 1.5 | 1.0 – 1.5 | 1.0 – 1.5 | Ukuqinisa isixazululo esiqinile |
| I-Titanium (i-Ti) | 1.90 – 2.35 | 1.90 – 2.35 | 1.90 – 2.35 | imvula engu-γ', ukuqina kokuguga |
| I-Aluminium (Al) | 0.10 – 0.35 | ≤ 0.35 | ≤ 0.35 | imvula engu-γ' |
| I-Vanadium (V) | 0.10 – 0.50 | 0.10 – 0.50 | 0.10 – 0.50 | Ukucwengisiswa kokusanhlamvu, okwangaphambili kwe-carbide |
| I-Boron (B) | 0.003 – 0.010 | 0.001 – 0.010 | 0.001 – 0.010 | Ukuqinisa umngcele wokusanhlamvu |
| I-Cobalt (Co) | ≤ 1.00 | ≤ 1.00 | ≤ 1.00 | Isici esisele |
| Insimbi (Fe) | Ibhalansi | Ibhalansi | Ibhalansi | Isici sesisekelo |
| Ikhabhoni (C) | ≤ 0.08 | ≤ 0.08 | ≤ 0.08 | I-Carbide yangaphambili |
| I-Silicon (Si) | ≤ 1.00 | ≤ 1.00 | ≤ 1.00 | I-Deoxidizer |
| I-Manganese (Mn) | ≤ 2.00 | ≤ 2.00 | ≤ 2.00 | I-Deoxidizer |
| I-Phosphorus (P) | ≤ 0.025 | ≤ 0.040 | ≤ 0.030 | Ukungcola |
| I-Sulfur (S) | ≤ 0.025 | ≤ 0.030 | ≤ 0.020 | Ukungcola |
Izakhiwo Zemishini
Isimo Esihlanganisiwe (Isixazululo Esilungisiwe)
| Impahla | I-ASTM A453 Ibanga 660 |
| Amandla Okudonsa | ≤ 724 MPa (105 ksi) |
| Ukwelulwa | ≥ 25% |
| Ubulukhuni | ≤ 91 HRB |
Isimo Sokuguga (Ukuna Kwemvula Okuqinile)
| Impahla | I-ASTM A453 Ibanga 660 | Okujwayelekile Okufeziwe |
| Amandla Okudonsa | ≥ 965 MPa (140 ksi) | 1,000 – 1,100 MPa |
| Amandla Okukhiqiza (i-Offset engu-0.2%) | ≥ 655 MPa (95 ksi) | 700 – 800 MPa |
| Ukwelulwa | ≥ 15% | 18 – 25% |
| Ubulukhuni | 24 – 35 HRC | 28 – 32 HRC |
| Amandla Okuhamba (650°C, 100h) | ≈ 240 MPa | |
| Amandla Okuhamba (700°C, 100h) | ≈ 210 MPa |
Izakhiwo Ezibonakalayo
| Impahla | Inani |
| Ubuningi | 7.95 g/cm³ |
| Uhla Lokuncibilika | 1371 – 1427°C |
| Ukuqhuba Okushisayo | 15.0 W/m·K ku-150°C |
| Isilinganiso Sokwanda Kokushisa (20-100°C) | 16.8 × 10⁻⁶/°C |
| I-Modulus Enwebekayo | 201 GPa |
| Ukuvunyelwa Kwamagnetic | Okungeyona i-magnetic |
Izinzuzo Eziyinhloko ze-Inconel 660
Amandla Okushisa Okuphezulu– I-Inconel 660 igcina amandla aphezulu okudonseka, ukukhathala, kanye nokuqhekeka okuhamba kancane kuze kufike ku-704°C. Indlela yokuqinisa imvula ye-γ' inikeza amandla aphezulu okushisa okuphezulu uma kuqhathaniswa nezinsimbi ezijwayelekile ze-austenitic stainless. Ingxubevange ivame ukusetshenziswa kuma-bolt e-turbine kanye nama-fasteners lapho ukumelana nokuphumula kubalulekile khona.
Ukumelana Okuhle Kakhulu Kokuqhekeka Komkhumbi– Ingxubevange ikhombisa ukumelana okuhle kakhulu kokuqhekeka emazingeni okushisa aphezulu. Isikhathi sokuphila sokuqhekeka kokuqhekeka ku-650°C sidlula amahora ayi-1,000 ngaphansi kokucindezeleka okumaphakathi, okwenza kube yinto ethembekile yezinhlelo zokusebenza zesevisi yesikhathi eside yokushisa okuphezulu.
Ukumelana Okuhle Nokugqwala Nokubola– Ngokuqukethwe kwe-chromium okungu-13.5-16%, i-Inconel 660 inikeza ukumelana okuhle nokugqwala, ukukala, kanye nokugqwala okushisa okuphezulu. Ingxube isebenza kahle ezindaweni zokugqwala ezifika ku-815°C futhi imelana nezinhlobo ezahlukene zokugqwala.
Ukuna kwemvula okuqinile– I-Inconel 660 ingaqiniswa ngokwelashwa kokushisa kokuguga. Umjikelezo ojwayelekile wokuguga (675-705°C, amahora angu-12-16) uthuthukisa izakhiwo ezinhle kakhulu zemishini futhi unikeza ukumelana okuhle kakhulu kokukhululeka kokucindezeleka, okubaluleke kakhulu ekusetshenzisweni kwe-bolting.
Ukumelana Okuhle Nokukhathala– Ingxubevange inamandla okumelana nokukhathala kanye nokukhathala okushisa, okwenza ifaneleke kakhulu ezingxenyeni ezithwala umthwalo ojikelezayo emazingeni okushisa aphezulu. Lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu ekusetshenzisweni kwe-turbine kanye nezingxenye zenjini.
Ukusebenza Okuhle Kakhulu Nokusebenza Kahle– I-Inconel 660 inamandla okusebenza kangcono kunezinye izinhlobo eziningi ze-superalloy. Ingakhiwa kalula, isetshenziswe ngokushisa, futhi isetshenziswe ngokubandayo. Ingxube ingashiselwa kusetshenziswa i-TIG, i-MIG, kanye nokushiselwa kokumelana ngezinsimbi zokugcwalisa ezifanele.
Ibanga 660 vs. Inconel 718: Ukuqhathanisa
| Impahla | I-Inconel 660 (Ibanga 660) | I-Inconel 718 |
| Isisekelo Sento | Insimbi (ibhalansi) ene-24-27% Ni | I-Nickel (50-55%) ene-18-20% Fe |
| Isigaba Sokuqinisa | γ' (Ni₃(Al,Ti)) | γ' (Ni₃Al) + γ'' (Ni₃Nb) |
| Amandla Okuqina (agugile) | ≥ 965 MPa | ≥ 1,240 MPa |
| Amandla Okushisa | Kufika ku-704°C | Kufika ku-700°C |
| Izinhlelo Zokusebenza Eziyinhloko | Amabhawodi e-turbine, izikhonkwane, izipikili, izingxenye zenjini yejethi | Amadiski e-turbine, ama-rocket motors, uwoyela negesi ye-HPHT |
| Izindleko | Okonga kakhulu | Okuphakeme |
Isikhathi sokukhetha iBanga 660:Izinhlelo zokusebenza ezidinga ukuboshwa nokubopha okushisa okuphezulu, izingxenye zenjini yejethi, amabhawodi e-turbine, kanye nezimoto ezisebenza kahle lapho izindleko ziyisici khona futhi kudingeka amandla aphezulu afinyelela ku-700°C.
Isikhathi sokukhetha i-Inconel 718:Izinhlelo zokusebenza ezidinga amandla aphezulu okushisa aphezulu, ukuqina kokuphuka, kanye nokumelana nokuqhekeka emazingeni okushisa afinyelela ku-700°C lapho izindleko zingenandaba kangako.
Ukwelashwa Kokushisa kwe-Inconel 660
I-Inconel 660 iyi-alloy eqinile edinga ukwelashwa kokushisa okukhethekile ukuze kufezwe izakhiwo ezinhle kakhulu zemishini:
Ukufakwa Kwesixazululo (Isimo A):
- Izinga lokushisa:980 – 1010°C (1800 – 1850°F)
- Isikhathi Sokucwilisa:Ihora eli-1
- Ukupholisa:Ukupholisa okusheshayo (ukucima uwoyela noma amanzi)
- Inhloso:Ncibilikisa zonke izinhlayiya, finyelela i-austenite yesigaba esisodwa
- Umphumela:Isimo esithambile, esisebenzisekayo, silungele ukwakheka nokufakelwa
Ukuqina Kwemvula (Ukuguga - Isimo B):
- Izinga lokushisa:675 – 705°C (1250 – 1300°F)
- Isikhathi Sokucwilisa:Amahora ayi-12 - 16
- Ukupholisa:Umoya opholile
- Inhloso:Ifomu elithi Ni₃(Al,Ti) γ' lishoda ukuze liqiniswe
- Umphumela:Amandla aphezulu kanye nokumelana nokukhasa
Ukuguga Okubili (Okunye):
- Isigaba Sokuqala: 705°C amahora angu-16, uphole esithandweni somlilo kufike ku-620°C
- Isigaba Sesibili: 620°C amahora ayi-16, umoya upholile
- Inhloso:Lungiselela ukumelana nokuphumula kokucindezeleka kwezicelo ze-bolting
Amafomu Omkhiqizo Atholakalayo avela ku-Womic Steel
Ipayipi Elingenamthungo kanye Neshubhu Elingenamthungo
- Ububanzi Bangaphandle:6mm – 200mm
- Ubukhulu Bodonga:1mm – 25mm
- Ubude:Kufika ku-12m
- Amazinga:I-ASTM B639, i-ASTM B983, i-AMS 5731, i-AMS 5732, i-AMS 5737, i-AMS 5895
- Izicelo:Amapayipi enqubo yokushisa okuphezulu, amashubhu okushintshanisa ukushisa, imigqa yezinsimbi, amashubhu endiza
- Amagama angukhiye:Ipayipi elingenamthungo le-Inconel 660, ipayipi lebanga le-660, ipayipi le-UNS S66286, ipayipi le-SUH660, ipayipi elingenamthungo elingu-1.4980
Ibha Yensimbi (Eyindilinga, Eyisikwele, Eyisicaba, Ene-Hex)
- Ububanzi:6mm – 300mm
- Ubuso:Igoqwe ngokushisa, Igqamile (idonswe kubanda), Iphansi, Ijikile
- Amazinga:I-ASTM A453, i-ASTM B639, i-AMS 5731, i-AMS 5732, i-AMS 5734, i-AMS 5737
- Izicelo:Amabhawodi e-turbine, izikhonkwane, izipikili, imiphini, iziqu zamavalvu, isitokwe somshini
- Amagama angukhiye:Ibha eyindilinga ye-Inconel 660, ibha yebanga 660, induku ye-SUH660, i-ASTM A453 Ibanga 660, izibambo zokushisa okuphezulu
Ipuleti Lensimbi Neshidi
- Ubukhulu:1mm – 100mm
- Ububanzi:Kufika ku-2000mm
- Amazinga:AMS 5525, AMS 5858
- Izicelo:Izingxenye zemikhumbi yokucindezela, izingxenye zesakhiwo, izikhala ze-flange
- Amagama angukhiye:Ipuleti le-Inconel 660, ishidi lebanga le-660, ipuleti le-alloy, ipuleti lokushisa eliphezulu
Ikhoyili Yensimbi Nokugoqa
- Ubukhulu:0.5mm – 4.0mm
- Ububanzi:10mm – 1000mm
- Amazinga:I-AMS 5525
- Izicelo:Izingxenye ezakhiwe, izimbozo, izitembu
- Amagama angukhiye:Ikhoyili ye-Inconel 660, umucu, umucu wokushisa okuphezulu
Ama-Flanges nokufakwa
- Izinhlobo:Intamo Ehlanganisiwe, I-Slip-On, Impumputhe, I-Socket Weld, Ifakwe Uchungechunge
- Osayizi:1/2" – 24"
- Isilinganiso Sokucindezela:Ibanga 150 - Ibanga 2500
- Amazinga:I-ASTM A453, i-ASME B16.5
- Amagama angukhiye:Ama-flange e-Inconel 660, ukufakwa kwebanga le-660
Ukuthunga
- Izinhlobo:Amasongo, amadiski, imiphini, imizimba yamavalvu, amajiyometri enziwe ngokwezifiso
- Isisindo:Kufika ku-3,000kg ngesiqephu ngasinye
- Amazinga:I-ASTM A453, AMS 5731
- Amagama angukhiye:I-Inconel 660 yokugaya, indandatho yokugaya, ukugaya ingxenye ye-turbine
Izibambo (Amabholti, Amantongomane, Ama-Studs)
- Izinhlobo:Amabhawodi e-Hex, izikulufu ze-socket head cap, amabhawodi e-Stud, izinduku ezinemicu, ama-Nuts, ama-Washer
- Osayizi:I-M2 – M100, 1/4" – 4"
- Amazinga:I-ASTM A453 Ibanga 660, i-ASTM B637
- Izicelo:Amabhawodi e-turbine, ukuxhumeka kwe-flange okushisa okuphezulu, izibambo zesakhiwo
- Amagama angukhiye:Amabhawodi e-Inconel 660, amabhawodi e-stud ebanga le-660, izibambo zokushisa okuphezulu, amabhawodi e-turbine
Amavalvu ebanga lama-660
- Izinhlobo:Amavalvu ebhola, Amavalvu esango, Amavalvu eglobe, Amavalvu okuhlola
- Osayizi:1/2" – 12"
- Isilinganiso Sokucindezela:Ibanga 150 - Ibanga 2500
- Ibanga Lokushisa:-196°C kuya ku-+704°C
- Izindinganiso Zokuklama:I-API 608, i-API 6D, i-ASME B16.34
- Ukusebenza:Isandla, I-Pneumatic, Ugesi
- Izicelo:Ukuhlukaniswa kwenqubo yokushisa okuphezulu, imigqa yomusi we-turbine, ukulawulwa kwe-turbine yegesi
Izicelo ze-Inconel 660
Izindiza– I-Inconel 660 isetshenziswa kakhulu ezingxenyeni ze-jet engine kanye ne-gas turbine okuhlanganisa ama-turbine bolts, ama-compressor disks, ama-turbine casings, izingxenye ze-afterburner, ama-thrust reversers, kanye ne-hardware yokufaka injini. Inhlanganisela yayo yamandla okushisa aphezulu, ukumelana nokukhathala, kanye nokumelana ne-oxidation kwenza kube kuhle kakhulu ekusetshenzisweni okubalulekile kwezindiza. I-alloy iyinto ejwayelekile yama-jet engine bolts kanye nama-fasteners asebenza emazingeni okushisa afinyelela ku-700°C.
Ukukhiqizwa Kwamandla E-Gas Turbine– Ingxube isetshenziselwa amabhawodi e-turbine, ama-studs, kanye nezinamathiselo kuma-turbine egesi ezimboni, ama-turbine e-steam, kanye nezitshalo zamandla ezihlanganisiwe. Ukumelana kwayo nokukhululeka kokucindezeleka emazingeni okushisa aphezulu kuqinisekisa ukuxhumana okuthembekile kwamabhawodi ngesikhathi sokuphila isikhathi eside kwenkonzo.
Izimoto– I-Inconel 660 isetshenziswa ezindlini ze-turbocharger, kuma-exhaust manifolds, izingxenye zenjini yedizili, kanye nezinamathiseli zezimoto ezisebenza kahle kakhulu. Amandla ayo okumelana namazinga okushisa egesi yokukhipha umoya kanye nokujikeleza kokushisa kwenza ifaneleke ezinjinini zesimanje ezisebenza kahle kakhulu nezisebenza kahle kakhulu.
Amandla eNyukliya– I-alloy isetshenziswa ezingxenyeni ze-reactor yenuzi, izinto zangaphakathi eziyinhloko, izindlela zokulawula induku, kanye nezinamathiselo zokushisa okuphezulu ezidinga ukuthembeka kwesikhathi eside kanye nokumelana nokushiswa yi-neutron.
Ukucubungula i-Petrochemical– I-Inconel 660 isetshenziswa kuma-reactor amakhemikhali ashisa kakhulu, amashubhu okulungisa, izingxenye zesithando somlilo, kanye namapayipi enqubo adinga amandla nokumelana nokushiswa kwe-oxidation emazingeni okushisa aphezulu.
Ukubhoboza Okuphezulu Kokushisa– Ibanga 660 liyizinto ezijwayelekile zokusetshenziswa kwebholti lokushisa eliphezulu. Amabholti nama-stud e-ASTM A453 Ibanga 660 acacisiwe kabanzi kuma-flange emikhumbi yokucindezela, ama-casing e-turbine, kanye nokuxhumeka kwamapayipi okushisa okuphezulu okudinga ukumelana nokuqhekeka nokuphumula kokucindezeleka.
Amazinga kanye Nemininingwane
| Okujwayelekile | Incazelo |
| Ukuqokwa kwe-UNS | S66286 |
| Inombolo ye-Werkstoff | 1.4980 |
| I-AISI/SAE | 660 |
| I-ASTM A453 | Imininingwane ejwayelekile yokubopha okushisa okuphezulu |
| I-ASTM B639 | Ibha/induku ye-alloy enokushisa okuphezulu |
| I-AMS 5525 | Ipuleti/ishidi/umcu |
| I-AMS 5731 | Ibha, ucingo, izinto zokubumba |
| I-AMS 5732 | Ibha, ucingo, izinto zokubumba |
| I-AMS 5734 | Ibha, ucingo, izinto zokubumba |
| I-AMS 5737 | Ipayipi kanye nepayipi |
| I-AMS 5895 | Ibha, ucingo, izinto zokubumba |
| I-JIS | I-SUH660 |
| I-GB/T | GH2132 |
| Isi-European | 1.4980 / X6NiCrTiMoV25-15-2 |
| I-ISO | I-X6NiCrTiMoV25-15-2 |
imibuzo ejwayelekile ukubuzwa
Q: Kuyini i-Inconel 660?
A: I-Inconel 660 (UNS S66286 / SUH660 / GH2132) iyi-superalloy eqinisa imvula esekelwe ensimbi enamandla aphezulu okushisa afinyelela ku-704°C. Iqiniswa yimvula ye-γ' ngokwelashwa kokushisa okuguga futhi isetshenziswa kabanzi kuma-bolt e-turbine, ama-fasteners, kanye nezingxenye zenjini yejethi.
Q: Uyini umehluko phakathi kwebanga lama-660 kanye ne-Inconel 718?
A: I-Inconel 660 isekelwe ensimbini (ene-24-27% Ni, ibhalansi ye-Fe) enamandla okudonsa ≥ 965 MPa, kuyilapho i-Inconel 718 isekelwe ku-nickel (50-55% Ni) enamandla okudonsa ≥ 1,240 MPa. Ibanga 660 lishibhile futhi lisetshenziswa kabanzi ekuboleni; I-Inconel 718 isetshenziselwa ukusetshenziswa kwamandla aphezulu.
Q: Lingakanani izinga lokushisa eliphezulu lesevisi ye-Inconel 660?
A: I-Inconel 660 ilinganiselwe isevisi eqhubekayo efinyelela ku-704°C (1300°F). Ukuze kube nokumelana nokushiswa kwe-oxidation, kungenzeka ukuhamba isikhathi esifushane okufika ku-815°C (1500°F). Amandla okucwila ancipha kakhulu ngaphezu kuka-700°C.
Q: Ingabe i-Inconel 660 ingashiselelwa kalula?
A: Yebo, i-Inconel 660 ingashintshwa kusetshenziswa izinqubo ze-TIG, MIG, kanye nezinqubo zokushintshwa kokumelana. Kodwa-ke, ukushintshwa kudinga ukulawulwa ngokucophelela kokufakwa kokushisa kanye nokukhethwa kwensimbi yokugcwalisa ukuze kugwenywe ukuqhekeka okushisa. Ukushiswa kwesisombululo ngemuva kokushintshwa kanye nokuguga kungadingeka ukuze kubuyiselwe izakhiwo zemishini.
Q: Yiziphi izilinganiso zesiShayina ze-Inconel 660?
A: Isilinganiso sesiShayina se-Inconel 660 yi-GH2132 (高温合金) sezinhlelo zokusebenza zezindiza kanye nezinga lokushisa eliphezulu, kanti isilinganiso sesiJapane yi-SUH660.
U: Yimaphi amafomu omkhiqizo atholakalayo e-Inconel 660?
A: I-Womic Steel inikeza i-Inconel 660 ngepayipi elingenamthungo, ipayipi elihlanganisiwe, ibha yensimbi, ipuleti lensimbi, ikhoyili yensimbi, umcu, ama-flange, izinto zokufaka, izinto zokubopha, ucingo, izikhonkwane, nama-valve. Imininingwane ephelele yomkhiqizo kanye nobubanzi bosayizi kubhalwe esigabeni sokutholakala komkhiqizo.
Q: Ingabe i-Inconel 660 idinga ukwelashwa ngokushisa?
A: Yebo. I-Inconel 660 idinga ukuncibilikiswa kwesisombululo (980-1010°C) kulandelwe ukuguga (675-705°C amahora angu-12-16) ukuze kufezwe izakhiwo ezinhle kakhulu zemishini. Ukwelashwa kokuguga kukhuthaza isigaba se-γ' sokuqinisa.
Xhumana ne-Womic Steel
Iwebhusayithi: www.womicsteel.com
I-imeyili: sales@womicsteel.com
Ucingo / WhatsApp / WeChat:
UVictor: +86 15575100681
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I-Womic Steel – Umlingani wakho othembekile wepayipi elingenamthungo le-Inconel 660 / Grade 660 (UNS S66286, SUH660, GH2132), ibha yensimbi, ipuleti lensimbi, ikhoyili yensimbi, ama-flange, izinto zokufaka, izinto zokubopha, kanye nezinamathiselo zezindiza, i-turbine yegesi, ukukhiqizwa kwamandla, kanye nezicelo zokubopha ezishisa kakhulu emhlabeni jikelele. Ukulandelela okugcwele, isitifiketi somphakathi wokuhlukanisa, kanye nemibhalo ye-EN 10204 Type 3.1/3.2 iyatholakala.










