Ukubuka Konke Komkhiqizo
I-Haynes 230 iyinto eqinile eqiniswe yisisombululo esiqinile ehlanganisa amandla aphezulu okushisa nokumelana okuvelele ezindaweni ezikhipha i-oxidation kuze kufike ku-2100°F (1149°C) ukuze kutholakale isikhathi eside, ukumelana okuphezulu ezindaweni ezikhipha i-nitriding, kanye nokuzinza okuhle kokushisa kwesikhathi eside. I-alloy isebenza kahle kakhulu ekusetshenzisweni kwesikhathi eside kakhulu emazingeni okushisa angu-1200°F (650°C) noma ngaphezulu, futhi iyakwazi ukuhlala isikhathi eside kunezinsimbi ezingagqwali kanye ne-nickel alloys ngo-100 kuya ku-1 kuye ngokushisa. Ukusetshenziswa okunye kwamandla aphezulu e-alloy angu-230 kuvumela ubukhulu besigaba sokuklama obungamaphesenti angama-75 amancane kune-alloys encane ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa amandla okuthwala umthwalo.
Izici ezibalulekile zifaka:
- Amandla aphezulu okushisa aphezulukufika ku-1149°C (2100°F)
- Ukumelana okuvelele kwe-oxidationezindaweni ezibucayi kakhulu
- Ukumelana okuphezulu ezindaweni ezifaka i-nitriding
- Ukuqina okuhle kakhulu kokushisa kwesikhathi eside
- Ukwanda okuphansi kokushisaizici kunezinhlobo eziningi ze-alloys ezishisa kakhulu
- Ukumelana nokuqoqwa kokusanhlamvungokuchayeka isikhathi eside ekushiseni okuphezulu
- Ukwakheka okuhle kakhulu kanye nokushibilika
- Ukumbozwa kwekhodi yemikhumbi ye-ASME(Icala No. 2063 leSigaba I kanye neSigaba VIII)
Ukwakheka Kwamakhemikhali
| Isici | Okuqukethwe (%) | Indima |
| I-Nickel (Ni) | Ibhalansi (cishe 47-65) | Isici sesisekelo, sinikeza ukumelana nokugqwala kanye nokuqina kokushisa |
| I-Chromium (Cr) | 20.0 – 24.0 | Yakha isikali se-oxide esivikelayo, ukumelana ne-oxidation |
| I-Tungsten (W) | 13.0 – 15.0 | Ukuqinisa isixazululo esiqinile, ukumelana nokushisa okuphezulu |
| I-Molybdenum (Mo) | 1.0 – 3.0 | Ukuqinisa isixazululo esiqinile, ukumelana nokugqwala |
| Insimbi (Fe) | ≤ 3.0 | Into esele, elawulwa ngokuqinile |
| I-Cobalt (Co) | ≤ 5.0 | Kufaka isandla ekuqineni kwezinga lokushisa eliphezulu |
| Ikhabhoni (C) | 0.05 – 0.15 | Ukwakheka kwe-Carbide, ukuqinisa umngcele wokusanhlamvu |
| I-Manganese (Mn) | 0.30 – 1.00 | I-Deoxidizer |
| I-Silicon (Si) | 0.25 – 0.75 | I-Deoxidizer, ukumelana ne-oxidation |
| I-Aluminium (Al) | 0.20 – 0.50 | Kuthuthukisa ukumelana ne-oxidation, i-γ' yangaphambili |
| I-Lanthanum (La) | 0.005 – 0.050 | Kuthuthukisa ukunamathela kwesilinganiso se-oxide |
| I-Titanium (i-Ti) | ≤ 0.10 | Isici esisele |
| I-Boron (B) | ≤ 0.015 | Ukuqinisa umngcele wokusanhlamvu |
Izakhiwo Zemishini
Izakhiwo Zokushisa Kwegumbi (Isixazululo Esihlanganisiwe)
| Impahla | I-Haynes 230 (Ishidi/Ipuleti) |
| Amandla Okudonsa | ≥ 110 ksi (760 MPa) |
| Amandla Okukhiqiza (i-Offset engu-0.2%) | ≥ 45 ksi (310 MPa) |
| Ukwelulwa | ≥ 40% |
| Ubulukhuni | < 241 HB |
| Ubuningi | 8.97 g/cm³ |
| Uhla Lokuncibilika | 1300 – 1374°C |
| Ukushisa Okuphezulu Ku-20°C | 62 BTU-in/h-ft²-°F (8.9 W/m·K) |
| Isilinganiso Sokwanda Kokushisa (20-100°C) | 7.0 × 10⁻⁵ ngaphakathi/ngaphakathi/°F (12.7 × 10⁻⁶/°C) |
| I-Modulus Enwebekayo | 30.6 × 10³ ksi (211 GPa) |
Izakhiwo Zemishini Ezinokushisa Okuphezulu
| Izinga lokushisa lokuhlola °F | Izinga lokushisa lokuhlola °C | Amandla Okudonsa (i-MPa) | Amandla Okukhiqiza angu-0.2% (i-MPa) | Ukwelulwa (%) |
| Igumbi | 20 | 860 | 390 | 47.7 |
| 1400 | 760 | 585 | 285 | 46.1 |
| 2000 | 1095 | 120 | 57 | 49.6 |
Izinzuzo Eziyinhloko zeHaynes 230
Amandla Aphakeme Okushisa Okumangalisayo Nokuzinza Kokushisa Okumangalisayo– I-Haynes 230 iyinto eqinile enesixazululo esiqinile ehlanganisa amandla amahle kakhulu okushisa okuphezulu kanye nokuthungwa okuhle ekamelweni lokushisa. Ingxube isebenza kahle kakhulu ekusetshenzisweni kwesikhathi eside kakhulu emazingeni okushisa angu-1200°F (650°C) noma ngaphezulu. Inhlanganisela eyingqayizivele ye-tungsten (13-15%) kanye ne-molybdenum (1-3%) yokuqinisa isixazululo esiqinile, kanye ne-carbon elawulwayo (0.05-0.15%) kanye ne-chromium (20-24%) yokuqinisa i-carbide, inikeza amandla amahle kakhulu okushisa okuphezulu. Ingxube ibonisa ukumelana nokugoba kwezinhlamvu ngokuchayeka isikhathi eside emazingeni okushisa aphezulu, igcina izakhiwo zayo zemishini isikhathi eside.
Ukumelana Okuphezulu Kokuxiliswa Kwe-Oxidation– I-Haynes 230 inikeza ukumelana okuvelele ezindaweni ezikhipha i-oxidation kufika ku-2100°F (1149°C) ukuze kube nokuvezwa isikhathi eside. Okuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-chromium (20-24%) kwakha isikali se-oxide esivikelayo se-Cr₂O₃ esiqinile, esinamathelayo. Ukwengezwa kwe-lanthanum (0.005-0.05%) kuthuthukisa ukunamathela kwesikali se-oxide, okuvimbela ukuqhekeka ngesikhathi sokujikeleza kokushisa. Lokhu kunikeza ukusebenza okuphezulu ezimweni zokushisa ezijikelezayo lapho ezinye izinsimbi zingahluleka khona ngokuqhekeka kwesikali.
Ukumelana Okukhulu Nezindawo Ezine-Nitriding– I-alloy ikhombisa ukumelana okuhle kakhulu nezindawo ezifaka i-nitriding, okwenza ifaneleke ezisekelweni zegridi ye-catalyst ye-ammonia burner kanye nezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza lapho ukufaka i-nitriding kungadala ukuwohloka okusheshayo kwe-alloys ezincane.
Ukuzinza Okuhle Kakhulu Kwesikhathi Eside– Ngokungafani nama-alloy amaningi okushisa okuphezulu awohloka ngesigaba se-sigma noma ezinye izivunguvungu ezibangelwa ukuqhuma, i-Haynes 230 igcina ukuqina kwayo nokuqina kwayo ngokuchayeka isikhathi eside ekushiseni okuphezulu. Lokhu kuqinisekisa impilo yenkonzo ethembekile elinganiswa ngeminyaka kunezinyanga.
Ukwanda Okuphansi Kokushisa– Ingxube ikhombisa izici zokukhula eziphansi zokushisa kunezinhlobo eziningi zengxube ezishisa kakhulu, okunciphisa ukucindezeleka kokushisa kanye nokukhathala ezingxenyeni ezingaphansi kokujikeleza kokushisa. Lokhu kuwusizo ikakhulukazi ezingxenyeni ze-turbine yegesi yendiza kanye nokusetshenziswa kwesithando sezimboni.
Ukwenziwa Okuhle Kakhulu Nokushibilika– I-Haynes 230 inezici ezinhle kakhulu zokwakheka nokushisela. Ingase yenziwe ngobumba noma ishiswe ngenye indlela, uma nje ibanjwe ku-2150°F (1177°C) isikhathi esanele. Ingxube nayo yakhiwa kalula ngokushisisa ngenxa yokuguquguquka kwayo okuhle. Ingashiswa ngezindlela ezahlukahlukene, kufaka phakathi i-gas tungsten arc (GTAW), i-gas metal arc (GMAW), i-resistance welding, kanye ne-shielded metal arc welding (SMAW).
Ukumbozwa Kwekhodi Yesitsha se-ASME– I-Haynes 230 imbozwe yi-ASME Vessel Code case No. 2063 yeSigaba I kanye neSigaba VIII, evumela ukusetshenziswa kwayo ekusetshenzisweni kwemikhumbi yokucindezela ngaphansi kwe-ASME Boiler kanye ne-Pressure Vessel Code.
Impilo Yesevisi Eyengeziwe– Ingxubevange iyakwazi ukuhlala isikhathi eside kunezinsimbi ezingagqwali kanye nezinsimbi ze-nickel ngo-100 kuya ku-1 kuye ngokushisa. Ngaphandle kwalokho, amandla aphezulu ezinsimbi ze-230 avumela ukusetshenziswa kobukhulu besigaba sokuklama obuncane ngamaphesenti angama-75 kunezinsimbi ezincane ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa amandla okuthwala umthwalo.
UHaynes 230 vs Inconel 625 vs Inconel 617: Ukuqhathanisa
| Impahla | UHaynes 230 | I-Inconel 625 | I-Inconel 617 |
| Okuqukethwe kwe-Nickel | Ibhalansi | ≥ 58% | 44.5-55.5% |
| Okuqukethwe kwe-Chromium | 20-24% | 20-23% | 20-24% |
| Okuqukethwe kwe-Tungsten | 13-15% | Akukho | Akukho |
| Okuqukethwe kwe-Molybdenum | 1-3% | 8-10% | 8-10% |
| Indlela Yokuqinisa | Isixazululo esiqinile (W, Mo) | Isixazululo esiqinile (Mo, Nb) | Isixazululo esiqinile (Co, Mo) |
| Izinga Lokushisa Eliphezulu Lokusebenza | 1149°C | 982°C | 1150°C |
| Ukumelana ne-Oxidation | Okuphakeme | Kuhle kakhulu | Kuhle kakhulu |
| Ukumelana Nokunitha | UNdunankulu | Kuhle | Kuhle |
| Amandla Okugoba ku->900°C | Okuvelele | Kuhle | Kuhle kakhulu |
| Ukuzinza Kokushisa | Kuhle kakhulu | Kuhle | Kuhle kakhulu |
| Izicelo Eziyinhloko | Ama-turbine egesi, izindiza, ukushisa kwezimboni | Ulwandle, amakhemikhali, i-FGD | I-nuclear, i-gas turbine, izinga lokushisa eliphakeme kakhulu |
Isikhathi sokukhetha iHaynes 230:Izicelo ezidinga ukumelana okuphezulu kakhulu kwe-oxidation kanye ne-nitriding emazingeni okushisa angaphezu kuka-1000°C, izingxenye zokushiswa kwe-gas turbine, ukuphendula kanye nokufakwa kwesithando sokushisa sezimboni, kanye nezinto zangaphakathi embonini yezinqubo zamakhemikhali lapho ukuzinza kokushisa kwesikhathi eside kubalulekile khona.
Ukwelashwa Kokushisa kweHaynes 230
I-Haynes 230 iyi-alloy eqinile enesixazululo esiqinile futhi ifakwe esimweni sokwelashwa ngokushisa kwesisombululo, ngaphandle uma kuchazwe ngenye indlela.
Ukwelashwa Okujwayelekile Kokushisa Kwesixazululo:
- Izinga lokushisa:2150 kuya ku-2275°F (1177 kuya ku-1246°C)
- Ukupholisa:Ukupholisa okusheshayo noma ukucima amanzi ukuze kube nezakhiwo ezinhle kakhulu
- Inhloso:Finyelela ibhalansi efanele yamandla okushisa aphezulu, ukuguquguquka, kanye nokumelana ne-oxidation
Izinto Ezibalulekile Okufanele Uzicabangele:
- Ingxube ayikwazi ukuqina ngokwelashwa kokushisa kwemvula
- Ukufakwa kwe-annealing emazingeni okushisa aphansi kunesisombululo sokushisa kuzokhiqiza imvula ethile ye-carbide, okungase kuthinte kancane amandla kanye nokuguquguquka kwayo.
- Zonke izingxenye ezisebenza ngokushisa noma ngokubanda kufanele zifakwe emanzini futhi zipholiswe ngokushesha ukuze kubuyiselwe ibhalansi engcono kakhulu yezakhiwo.
Amafomu Omkhiqizo Atholakalayo avela ku-Womic Steel
Ipayipi Elingenamthungo kanye Neshubhu Elingenamthungo
- Ububanzi Bangaphandle:6mm – 300mm
- Ubukhulu Bodonga:1mm – 30mm
- Ubude:Kufika ku-12m
- Amazinga:I-ASTM B622, i-ASTM B619, i-ASTM B626
- Izicelo:Izishintshi zokushisa ezishisa kakhulu, amashubhu okuvikela i-thermocouple, amapayipi okucubungula, amapayipi okuhambisa amanzi, izimbotshana zokushisa eziphakeme
- Amagama angukhiye:Ipayipi elingenamthungo likaHaynes 230, ipayipi le-UNS N06230, ipayipi le-2.4733, ipayipi elingenamthungo le-alloy 230
Ipayipi Elihlanganisiwe
- Ububanzi Bangaphandle:50mm – 1000mm
- Ubukhulu Bodonga:1.0mm – 25mm
- Amazinga:I-ASTM B619, i-ASTM B626
- Izicelo:Amapayipi enqubo anobubanzi obukhulu, izingxenye zesithando somlilo, izinhlelo zokushisa zezimboni
- Amagama angukhiye:Ipayipi elihlanganisiwe le-Haynes 230, ipayipi le-alloy 230 ERW, ipayipi le-nickel elinobubanzi obukhulu
Ibha Yensimbi (Eyindilinga, Eyisikwele, Eyisicaba)
- Ububanzi:6mm – 355mm
- Ubuso:Igoqwe ngokushisa, Igqamile (idonswe kubanda), Iphansi, Ijikile
- Amazinga:I-ASTM B572, AMS 5891
- Izicelo:Izibambo, imiphini, iziqu zamavalvu, isitokwe somshini, ihadiwe yesithando somlilo
- Amagama angukhiye:Ibha eyindilinga yeHaynes 230, isitokhwe sebha se-UNS N06230, ibha ye-nickel alloy, i-AMS 5891
Ipuleti Lensimbi Neshidi
- Ubukhulu:1mm – 100mm
- Ububanzi:Kufika ku-2500mm
- Amazinga:I-ASTM B435, AMS 5878
- Izicelo:Amagobolondo emikhumbi, amapuleti okushintshanisa ukushisa, izingxenye zethini lokushisa, izingxenye zesakhiwo, izikhala ze-flange
- Amagama angukhiye:Ipuleti likaHaynes 230, ishidi le-alloy 230, ipuleti lika-N06230, i-AMS 5878
Ikhoyili Yensimbi Nokugoqa
- Ubukhulu:0.05mm – 6.0mm
- Ububanzi:10mm – 1500mm
- Amazinga:I-ASTM B435
- Izicelo:Izingxenye ezakhiwe, izimbozo, amajoyinti okunweba, izitembu, izinto ezenziwe ngodonga oluncane
- Amagama angukhiye:Ikhoyili kaHaynes 230, umucu we-nickel alloy, ikhoyili yokushisa okuphezulu
Ama-Flanges kanye nokufakwa kwamapayipi
- Izinhlobo:Intamo Ehlanganisiwe, Ukushelela, Ukungaboni, Ukushintshwa Kwesokhethi, Okunentambo, I-Lap Joint
- Osayizi:1/2" – 24"
- Isilinganiso Sokucindezela:Ibanga 150 - Ibanga 2500
- Amazinga:I-ASTM B564, i-ASME B16.5, i-ASME B16.47
- Amagama angukhiye:Ama-flange e-Haynes 230, i-alloy 230 weld neck flange, ukufakwa kwe-N06230
Ukuthunga
- Izinhlobo:Amasongo, amadiski, imiphini, imizimba yamavalvu, izingxenye ze-turbine, amajiyometri enziwe ngokwezifiso
- Isisindo:Kufika ku-3,000kg ngesiqephu ngasinye
- Amazinga:I-ASTM B564, AMS 5891
- Amagama angukhiye:I-Haynes 230 forging, indandatho ye-alloy 230, ibhlogo elenziwe nge-forging
Amavalvu eHaynes 230
- Izinhlobo:Amavalvu ebhola, Amavalvu esango, Amavalvu eglobe, Amavalvu okuhlola
- Osayizi:1/2" – 12"
- Isilinganiso Sokucindezela:Ibanga 150 - Ibanga 2500
- Ibanga Lokushisa:-196°C kuya ku-+1149°C
- Izindinganiso Zokuklama:I-API 608, i-API 6D, i-ASME B16.34
- Izihlalo:I-Stellite enobuso obuqinile, i-RPTFE
- Ukusebenza:Isandla, I-Pneumatic, Ugesi
- Izicelo:Ukuhlukaniswa kwenqubo yokushisa okuphezulu, ukulawulwa kwe-turbine yegesi, izinhlelo zesithando somlilo
Izicelo zeHaynes 230
Izingxenye ze-Aerospace Gas Turbine– I-Haynes 230 isetshenziselwa amathini okushisa, amapayipi okushintsha, izibambi zomlilo, ama-thermocouple sheaths, nezinye izingxenye ezibalulekile ze-gas turbine. Inhlanganisela yayo yamandla okushisa aphezulu, ukumelana nokushiswa kwe-oxidation, kanye nokuqina kokushisa kwenza kube yinto ekhethwayo yezinhlelo zokusebenza zezindiza ezidinga kakhulu.
Ukukhiqizwa Kwamandla– Ingxube isetshenziswa kuma-combustors e-turbine yegesi yezimboni, kuma-transition ducts, nakwezinye izingxenye ze-hot section lapho ukuchayeka isikhathi eside emazingeni okushisa angu-1200°F+ kudinga ukusebenza kahle kakhulu kwezinto.
Ukushisa Kwezimboni Nokwelapha Ukushisa– Izicelo zifaka phakathi ama-retort esithando, amaketanga nezinto ezisetshenziswayo, izimbozo zomlilo wokushisa, izinto zangaphakathi zokubuyisela umswakama, ama-damper, izinto zangaphakathi zokushisa ezifaka i-nitriding, amabhasikidi okwelapha ukushisa, ama-grate, amathreyi, amashubhu e-sparger, amashubhu okuvikela i-thermocouple, kanye nezinto zangaphakathi zesiphepho.
Imboni Yezinqubo Zamakhemikhali– I-Haynes 230 isetshenziselwa ukusekela igridi ye-catalyst kuma-burner e-ammonia, amashubhu okuvikela ama-thermocouple anamandla aphezulu, ama-heat exchanger ashisa kakhulu, ama-ducts, ama-bellows ashisa kakhulu, kanye nezinto ezahlukahlukene zangaphakathi zenqubo ebalulekile. Ukumelana kwayo ne-nitriding kuyenza ibe usizo kakhulu ezindaweni zokukhiqiza i-ammonia.
Ukuvikelwa kwe-Thermocouple– Ingxube isetshenziselwa amashubhu okuvikela i-thermocouple ezisetshenziswayo ezishisa kakhulu lapho kudingeka khona kokubili ukumelana nokushiswa kwe-oxidation kanye namandla omshini emazingeni okushisa aphezulu.
Ama-Bellows Asezingeni Eliphezulu kanye nama-Expansion Joints– Ukuqina kokushisa kwe-alloy kanye nokumelana ne-oxidation kwenza ifanelekele ama-bellows okushisa okuphezulu kanye namajoyinti okunwebeka ezinhlelweni zamapayipi ezingaphansi kokushisa okukhulu kanye nokujikeleza kokushisa.
Amazinga kanye Nemininingwane
| Ifomu Lomkhiqizo | Izinga le-ASTM | Izinga le-AMS |
| Ipayipi/Ishubhu Elingenamthungo | I-ASTM B622, i-ASTM B619, i-ASTM B626 | — |
| Ibha/Induku | I-ASTM B572 | I-AMS 5891 |
| Ipuleti/Ishidi/Umcu | I-ASTM B435, i-ASTM B906 | I-AMS 5878 |
| Ukuthunga | I-ASTM B564 | I-AMS 5891 |
| Ukuqokwa kwe-UNS | N06230 | |
| Inombolo ye-Werkstoff | 2.4733 | |
| Ilingana NesiShayina | GH3230 / GH230 | |
| Ukucaciswa kwe-PWA | I-PWA 1163 | |
imibuzo ejwayelekile ukubuzwa
Q: Iyini i-alloy ye-Haynes 230?
A: I-Haynes 230 (UNS N06230) iyi-alloy ye-nickel-chromium-tungsten-molybdenum ehlanganisa amandla amahle kakhulu okushisa okuphezulu, ukumelana okuvelele ezindaweni ezikhipha i-oxidizing kuze kufike ku-1149°C (2100°F), ukumelana okuphezulu ezindaweni ezikhipha i-nitriding, kanye nokuzinza okuhle kakhulu kokushisa kwesikhathi eside.
Q: Lingakanani izinga lokushisa eliphezulu lesevisi yeHaynes 230?
A: Ukuze kuvinjwe ukushiswa kwe-oxidation, i-Haynes 230 ingasetshenziswa kufika ku-2100°F (1149°C) ukuze kutholakale isikhathi eside. Ukuze kuqiniswe ukwakheka, i-alloy isebenza kahle kakhulu ekusetshenzisweni kwesikhathi eside emazingeni okushisa angu-1200°F (650°C) noma ngaphezulu.
U: Uyini umehluko phakathi kweHaynes 230 ne-Inconel 625?
A: I-Haynes 230 iqukethe i-tungsten (13-15%) ukuze ikwazi ukumelana nokushisa okuphezulu, ukumelana ne-nitriding, kanye nokuzinza kokushisa okufika ku-1149°C. I-Inconel 625 iqukethe i-molybdenum (8-10%) kanye ne-niobium, elungiselelwe ukumelana nokugqwala emazingeni okushisa aphansi. Khetha u-230 ukuze uthole izindawo ezishisa kakhulu kanye ne-nitriding; khetha u-625 ukuze uthole ukusetshenziswa kokugqwala kwasolwandle kanye namakhemikhali.
U: Ingabe iHaynes 230 ingashiselelwa kalula?
A: Yebo. Ingxube ingashintshwa ngezindlela ezahlukahlukene, kufaka phakathi i-gas tungsten arc (GTAW), i-gas metal arc (GMAW), kanye ne-resistance welding. Inezici ezinhle kakhulu zokwakheka kanye nokushintshwa.
Q: Kuyini okulingana nesiShayina noHaynes 230?
A: Amabanga alinganayo aseShayina yi-GH3230 kanye ne-GH230. Lawa mabanga asetshenziselwa izinhlelo zokusebenza zokukhiqiza ugesi ezisebenzisa izinga lokushisa eliphezulu.
U: Yimaphi amafomu omkhiqizo atholakalayo eHaynes 230?
A: I-Womic Steel inikeza i-Haynes 230 ngepayipi elingenamthungo, ipayipi elihlanganisiwe, ibha yensimbi, ipuleti lensimbi, ikhoyili yensimbi, umcu, ama-flange, ukufakwa kwamapayipi, izinto zokubopha, nama-valve. Imininingwane ephelele yomkhiqizo kanye nobubanzi bosayizi kubhalwe esigabeni sokutholakala komkhiqizo.
Xhumana ne-Womic Steel
Iwebhusayithi: www.womicsteel.com
I-imeyili: sales@womicsteel.com
Ucingo / WhatsApp / WeChat:
UVictor: +86 15575100681
UJack: +86 18390957568
Insimbi Yom-Womic – Umlingani wakho othembekile wepayipi elingenamthungo le-Haynes 230 (UNS N06230, GH3230), ipayipi elihlanganisiwe, ibha yensimbi, ipuleti lensimbi, ikhoyili yensimbi, ama-flange, izinto zokufaka, ama-forging, nama-valve e-turbine yegesi yendiza, ukushisa kwezimboni, ukukhiqizwa kwamandla, kanye nezicelo zokucubungula amakhemikhali ezishisa kakhulu emhlabeni jikelele. Ukulandelela okugcwele, ukuhambisana neKhodi Yesitsha se-ASME, kanye nemibhalo ye-EN 10204 Type 3.1/3.2 iyatholakala.










