1. Insimbi Yom-Womic: Amakhono Okukhiqiza kanye Nenkampani Amandla Ipayipi Lensimbi ye-API 5L X52 ERW
I-Womic Steel Group ingumkhiqizi ovelele kanye nomthengisi wangaphandle emhlabeni jikelele onolwazi olungaphezu kweminyaka engama-20 ekukhiqizeni imikhiqizo ye-carbon, i-alloy, kanye ne-stainless steel tubular. Isikhungo sethu sokukhiqiza amapayipi e-ERW esisezingeni eliphezulu sihlanganisa ikhono lokukhiqiza eliphelele elingaphezu kwamathani ayi-15,000 ngenyanga lamapayipi ensimbi ahlanganisiwe anokumelana nogesi.
Ububanzi Bosayizi Bokukhiqiza Bepayipi Le-ERW X52:Ububanzi bangaphandle busukela ku-60.3mm kuya ku-610mm (amasentimitha amabili kuya ku-24 intshi) kanye nobukhulu bodonga obusukela ku-4.0mm kuya ku-19.1mm (Ishejuli 10 kuya kuShejuli 80). Ubude obungahleliwe obungamamitha angu-6, ubude obuphindwe kabili obungahleliwe obungamamitha angu-12, noma ubude obungokwezifiso njengoba kudingeka.
Izitifiketi Zekhwalithi Nokuhambisana Nemithetho:
Isitifiketi se-ISO 9001:2015:Uhlelo lokuphatha ikhwalithi oluqinisekisa ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo ehambisanayo kuyo yonke imisebenzi.
Ilayisensi ye-API 5L Monogram:Igunyaziwe ukukhiqiza ipayipi lomugqa we-API 5L, okubonisa ukuzibophezela ezindinganisweni eziphakeme kakhulu zemboni yamapayipi okudlulisa uwoyela negesi.
Ukumaka kwe-CE (PED 2014/68/EU):Ukuthobela i-European Pressure Equipment Directive ukuze kukhishwe kalula izimpahla ngaphakathi kwe-EEA. I-DoP ihlinzeke ngezilinganiso ze-EN.
Isitifiketi se-EN 10204 3.2:Isitifiketi Sokuhlola 3.2 esiqinisekiswe yi-TÜV, LR, BV, noma i-SGS kumaphrojekthi abalulekile adinga ukulandelelwa okugcwele.
Ukuvunyelwa Kokuhlolwa Kweqembu Lesithathu (TPI):Imikhiqizo nezinqubo ezivunyiwe yi-SGS, i-BV, i-ABS, i-LR, i-DNV, i-GL, kanye ne-TÜV ukuze kuhlukaniswe amaphrojekthi aphesheya kwezilwandle alawulwa ngumphakathi.
Izitifiketi ezengeziwe:I-ISO 14001, ISO 45001, NORSOK M-650, NACE MR0175 / ISO 15156 yezinhlelo zokusebenza zesevisi emuncu.
Ukuvunyelwa Okuqondene Nekhasimende:Ukuhlolwa njalo kwefektri kwabakhi abakhulu be-EPC, ama-NOC, kanye nezinkampani zamandla zomhlaba wonke.
Ukuqashelwa Komhlaba Wonke:I-Womic Steel ingumhlinzeki othembekile ezinkampanini zamandla ze-Fortune 500 kanye nabakhi be-EPC bomhlaba wonke, ekhonza amazwe angaphezu kuka-80 kulo lonke elaseNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia, eYurophu, eMpumalanga Ephakathi, e-Afrika kanye naseMelika.
2. Ipayipi Lensimbi le-API 5L X52 ERW: Ukwakheka Kwezinto Nezimpawu Zokusebenza
I-API 5L X52 (ebizwa nangokuthi i-L360 ngaphansi kwe-ISO 3183) iyizinga lensimbi yepayipi enamandla aphezulu eklanyelwe ngqo amapayipi okudlulisa uwoyela negesi. I-"X" isho ukuthi "X42, X52, X65" isho amandla amancane okukhiqiza ngamakhilogremu nge-intshi yesikwele (KSI). Ngakho-ke, i-X52 inamandla amancane okukhiqiza angama-52,000 psi (cishe ama-360 MPa). Ukuqokwa "L360" ngaphansi kwe-ISO standard kumelela izinto ezifanayo ezinamandla okukhiqiza angama-360 MPa.
Uma kuqhathaniswa namazinga aphansi njenge-GR.B (isivuno se-psi esingu-35,000) kanye ne-X42 (isivuno se-psi esingu-42,000), i-X52 inikeza amandla aphezulu ngenkathi igcina ukushibilika okuhle kakhulu nokuqina. Lokhu kulinganisela kwenza i-X52 ibe yizinga elichazwe kabanzi kakhulu kumaphrojekthi wamapayipi asogwini nasogwini emhlabeni jikelele. I-X52 inikeza ukusebenza okuhle kakhulu kwamapayipi asebenza ngokucindezela okufika ku-1,500 psi, kuye ngokuthi ubukhulu bodonga kanye nokucushwa kobubanzi bunjani.
Ipayipi Lensimbi le-API 5L X52 ERW Ukwakheka Kwamakhemikhali (Ukuhlaziywa Kwezindebe, % ngobuningi):
| Isici | C | Si | Mn | P | S | Cr | Mo | Ni | Cu | Nb | V | Ti | Al |
| I-PSL1 Ubuningi % | 0.28 | — | 1.40 | 0.030 | 0.030 | — | — | — | — | 0.05 | 0.10 | 0.04 | — |
| I-PSL2 Ubuningi % | 0.24 | 0.45 | 1.40 | 0.025 | 0.015 | 0.30 | 0.15 | 0.30 | 0.50 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.04 | 0.060 |
*Qaphela: Izidingo ze-PSL2 ziqine kakhulu ngemikhawulo ephansi yekhabhoni, i-phosphorus, kanye ne-sulfur. Ukwengezwa kwezinto ezincane ezixubayo (i-Niobium, i-Vanadium, i-Titanium) kuthuthukisa isakhiwo sezinhlamvu futhi kuthuthukisa amandla kanye nokuqina kwezinga lokushisa eliphansi. I-PSL2 idinga futhi amanani alawulwayo e-carbon equivalent (CE): CE(IIW) ≤ 0.43% yamapayipi angenamthungo kanye ≤ 0.43% wamapayipi ahlanganisiwe anobukhulu bodonga ≤ 19mm.*
Ipayipi Lensimbi le-API 5L X52 ERW Izakhiwo Zomshini (Izinga Lokushisa Legumbi):
| Impahla | Isidingo se-PSL1 | Isidingo se-PSL2 |
| Amandla Okukhiqiza (ReH / Rt0.5) | 52,000 - 77,000 psi (360 - 530 MPa) | 52,000 - 77,000 psi (360 - 530 MPa) |
| Amandla Okuqina (Rm) | ≥ 66,000 psi (≥ 460 MPa) | ≥ 66,000 psi (≥ 460 MPa) |
| Isilinganiso (Isivuno/Ukunwebeka) | Akukho mkhawulo othize | ≤ 0.93 |
| Ukwelulwa (Umzuzu owodwa) | Kubalwa ngefomula ngayinye | Kubalwa ngefomula ngayinye |
| Ubulukhuni (HRC / HV) | Akukho mfuneko | ≤ 27 HRC / ≤ 250 HV10 |
*Qaphela: I-PSL2 ibeka izidingo ezengeziwe kufaka phakathi isilinganiso esiphezulu se-yield-to-tensile esingu-0.93, imikhawulo ephezulu yobulukhuni bezinhlelo zokusebenza zesevisi emuncu, kanye namanani athuthukisiwe obukhuni bomthelela we-Charpy V-Notch. Ku-PSL2, amandla amancane omthelela angama-40J (isilinganiso) kanye nama-30J (ngamunye) ku-0°C yomzimba wepayipi, i-weld, kanye ne-HAZ.*
Ipayipi Lensimbi le-API 5L X52 ERW Izakhiwo Zomthelela Osezingeni Eliphansi Lokushisa (i-Charpy V-Notch) - PSL2:
| Indawo Yokuhlola | Izinga lokushisa | Amandla Aphakathi (Okungenani) | Amandla Omuntu Ngamunye (Okungenani) |
| Umzimba Wepayipi (Okwesikhathi Eside) | 0°C | Ama-Joule angu-40 | Ama-Joule angu-30 |
| Insimbi Ehlanganisiwe (Eguquliwe) | 0°C | Ama-Joule angu-40 | Ama-Joule angu-30 |
| Indawo Ethintekile Ekushiseni (HAZ) | 0°C | Ama-Joule angu-40 | Ama-Joule angu-30 |
| Inketho Yesevisi Emuncu | -10°C noma ngaphansi | Njengoba kuchaziwe | Njengoba kuchaziwe |
*Qaphela: Ngezinhlelo zokusebenza zesevisi emuncu (ukumelana ne-HIC/SSC), ukuhlolwa komthelela emazingeni okushisa aphansi (-10°C, -20°C, noma -46°C) kanye nemikhawulo eyengeziwe yokuqina (≤ 22 HRC / ≤ 248 HV10) kuyadingeka ngokwe-Annex H ye-API 5L.*
Ipayipi Lensimbi le-API 5L X52 ERW Imikhawulo Elinganayo Nekhabhoni (PSL2):
| Ubukhulu Bodonga | I-CE (IIW) Ubuningi | Ubuningi be-CET |
| t ≤ 19mm (0.748") | 0.43% | 0.25% |
| 19mm < t ≤ 40mm (1.575") | 0.43% | 0.25% |
| t > 40mm | Ngesivumelwano | Ngesivumelwano |
Qaphela: Ukulingana kwekhabhoni ephansi kuqinisekisa ukushintshwa okuhle kakhulu ezimweni zasensimini ngaphandle kokushisa kusengaphambili ubukhulu bezindonga eziningi, okunciphisa izindleko zokufaka nesikhathi.
3. I-API 5L X52 ERW Steel Pipe Dimensional Range & Standards Compliance
I-Womic Steel inikeza amapayipi e-API 5L X52 ERW kuwo wonke ububanzi, ihambisana ngokugcwele nezindinganiso ze-API 5L 46th Edition kanye ne-ISO 3183.
| Into | Imininingwane |
| Okujwayelekile | Uhlelo lwe-API 5L lwama-46 / ISO 3183 |
| Izinga Lokucaciswa Komkhiqizo | I-PSL1 (Ejwayelekile) / I-PSL2 (Ethuthukisiwe) |
| Ibanga | I-X52 (L360) |
| Inqubo Yokukhiqiza | Ukushisela Ukumelana Nogesi (ERW) / Ukushisela Okuvame Kakhulu (HFW) |
| Ububanzi Bobubanzi Bangaphandle | 60.3mm – 610mm (amayintshi amabili – amasentimitha angu-24) |
| Ububanzi Bokujiya Kodonga | 4.0mm – 19.1mm (Ishejuli 10 – Ishejuli 80) |
| Ubude | 6m (SR), 12m (DR), noma ubude obungokwezifiso obufika ku-18m |
| Ukuqeda Ukuqeda | Isiphetho Esilula (PE) / Isiphetho Esigobile (BE) / Esinezintambo Nokuxhunyaniswa (Imigomo Nemibandela) |
| Ukuqedwa Komphezulu | Okungenalutho / Okugcotshwe ngamafutha / Okumnyama Okumboziwe / 3PE / FBE / Okugayiwe |
4. Ubukhulu Nemininingwane Etholakalayo - Ipayipi Lensimbi le-ERW
| NB | Usayizi | OD mm | I-SCH40S mm | I-SCH5S mm | I-SCH10S mm | I-SCH10 mm | I-SCH20 mm | I-SCH40 mm | I-SCH60 mm | I-XS/80S mm | I-SCH80 mm | I-SCH100 mm | I-SCH120 mm | I-SCH140 mm | I-SCH160 mm | I-SCHXXS mm |
| 6 | 1/8” | 10.29 | 1.24 | 1.73 | 2.41 | |||||||||||
| 8 | 1/4” | 13.72 | 1.65 | 2.24 | 3.02 | |||||||||||
| 10 | 3/8” | 17.15 | 1.65 | 2.31 | 3.20 | |||||||||||
| 15 | 1/2” | 21.34 | 2.77 | 1.65 | 2.11 | 2.77 | 3.73 | 3.73 | 4.78 | 7.47 | ||||||
| 20 | 3/4” | 26.67 | 2.87 | 1.65 | 2.11 | 2.87 | 3.91 | 3.91 | 5.56 | 7.82 | ||||||
| 25 | 1” | 33.40 | 3.38 | 1.65 | 2.77 | 3.38 | 4.55 | 4.55 | 6.35 | 9.09 | ||||||
| 32 | 1 1/4” | 42.16 | 3.56 | 1.65 | 2.77 | 3.56 | 4.85 | 4.85 | 6.35 | 9.70 | ||||||
| 40 | 1 1/2” | 48.26 | 3.68 | 1.65 | 2.77 | 3.68 | 5.08 | 5.08 | 7.14 | 10.15 | ||||||
| 50 | 2” | 60.33 | 3.91 | 1.65 | 2.77 | 3.91 | 5.54 | 5.54 | 9.74 | 11.07 | ||||||
| 65 | 2 1/2” | 73.03 | 5.16 | 2.11 | 3.05 | 5.16 | 7.01 | 7.01 | 9.53 | 14.02 | ||||||
| 80 | 3” | 88.90 | 5.49 | 2.11 | 3.05 | 5.49 | 7.62 | 7.62 | 11.13 | 15.24 | ||||||
| 90 | 3 1/2” | 101.60 | 5.74 | 2.11 | 3.05 | 5.74 | 8.08 | 8.08 | ||||||||
| 100 | 4” | 114.30 | 6.02 | 2.11 | 3.05 | 6.02 | 8.56 | 8.56 | 11.12 | 13.49 | 17.12 | |||||
| 125 | 5” | 141.30 | 6.55 | 2.77 | 3.40 | 6.55 | 9.53 | 9.53 | 12.70 | 15.88 | 19.05 | |||||
| 150 | 6” | 168.27 | 7.11 | 2.77 | 3.40 | 7.11 | 10.97 | 10.97 | 14.27 | 18.26 | 21.95 | |||||
| 200 | 8” | 219.08 | 8.18 | 2.77 | 3.76 | 6.35 | 8.18 | 10.31 | 12.70 | 12.70 | 15.09 | 19.26 | 20.62 | 23.01 | 22.23 | |
| 250 | 10” | 273.05 | 9.27 | 3.40 | 4.19 | 6.35 | 9.27 | 12.70 | 12.70 | 15.09 | 19.26 | 21.44 | 25.40 | 28.58 | 25.40 | |
| 300 | 12” | 323.85 | 9.53 | 3.96 | 4.57 | 6.35 | 10.31 | 14.27 | 12.70 | 17.48 | 21.44 | 25.40 | 28.58 | 33.32 | 25.40 | |
| 350 | 14” | 355.60 | 9.53 | 3.96 | 4.78 | 6.35 | 7.92 | 11.13 | 15.09 | 12.70 | 19.05 | 23.83 | 27.79 | 31.75 | 35.71 | |
| 400 | 16” | 406.40 | 9.53 | 4.19 | 4.78 | 6.35 | 7.92 | 12.70 | 16.66 | 12.70 | 21.44 | 26.19 | 30.96 | 36.53 | 40.49 | |
| 450 | 18” | 457.20 | 9.53 | 4.19 | 4.78 | 6.35 | 7.92 | 14.27 | 19.05 | 12.70 | 23.83 | 29.36 | 34.93 | 39.67 | 45.24 | |
| 500 | 20” | 508.00 | 9.53 | 4.78 | 5.54 | 6.35 | 9.53 | 15.09 | 20.62 | 12.70 | 26.19 | 32.54 | 38.10 | 44.45 | 50.01 | |
| 550 | 22” | 558.80 | 9.53 | 4.78 | 5.54 | 6.35 | 9.53 | 22.23 | 12.70 | 28.58 | 34.93 | 41.28 | 47.63 | 53.98 | ||
| 600 | 24” | 609.60 | 9.53 | 5.54 | 6.35 | 6.35 | 9.53 | 17.48 | 24.61 | 12.70 | 30.96 | 38.89 | 46.02 | 52.37 | 59.54 | |
| 650 | 26” | 660.40 | 9.53 | 7.92 | 12.70 | 12.70 |
Qaphela: Ukutholakala kobukhulu bodonga kungahluka ngokuya ngobubanzi bepayipi kanye nekhono lokukhiqiza. Ubukhulu obungokwezifiso ngaphandle kwalolu hlu buyatholakala uma uceliwe.
5. Izindinganiso Zepayipi Lensimbi Ejwayelekile ye-ERW Ekhiqizwe yi-Womic Steel
| Okujwayelekile | Amabanga Ajwayelekile | Isicelo Esijwayelekile |
| I-API 5L (Imininingwane yepayipi yomugqa) | ||
| I-API 5L PSL1 / PSL2 | GR.B, X42, X52, X60, X65, X70 | Ukudluliswa kukawoyela negesi, amapayipi asogwini/asogwini |
| Ipayipi Lomugqa we-ASTM kanye Nepayipi Lokwakheka | ||
| I-ASTM A53 (Imininingwane yepayipi, insimbi, emnyama neshisayo, embozwe nge-zinc, ehlanganisiwe futhi engenamthungo) | GR.A, GR.B | Amanzi, igesi, umusi, umoya, izinhlelo zokusebenza zesakhiwo |
| I-ASTM A135 (Imininingwane Yepayipi Lensimbi Elihlanganisiwe Elimelana Nokumelana Nogesi) | GR.A, GR.B | Izinsizakalo zamanzi, igesi, umusi, izindawo zokuhluza |
| I-ASTM A252 (Imininingwane Yamaphayiphi Ensimbi Ahlanganisiwe Nangenamthungo) | GR.1, GR.2, GR.3 | Ukufakwa kwesisekelo, ukufakwa kwesisekelo sasolwandle, isisekelo sebhuloho |
| I-ASTM A500 (Imininingwane Yepayipi Lesakhiwo Lensimbi Yekhabhoni Ebunjwe Ngobumba Obuhlanganisiwe Nobungenamthungo) | GR.A, GR.B, GR.C | Amapayipi esakhiwo, ozimele besakhiwo, amabhuloho |
| I-ASTM A501 (Imininingwane Yeshubhu Yesakhiwo Sensimbi Yekhabhoni Ebunjwe Ngokushiswa Nokungenamthungo) | GR.A, GR.B | Izicelo zesakhiwo ezisindayo, amakholomu, ama-trusses |
| I-ASTM Boiler kanye ne-Heat Exchanger (ERW) | ||
| I-ASTM A178 (Imininingwane Yezinsimbi Ze-Carbon Steel Ezihlanganisiwe Ezimelana Nogesi kanye Namashubhu Ebhoyila Ensimbi Ehlanganisiwe Ene-Carbon-Manganese) | Ibanga A, C, D | Amashubhu ebhoyila, amashubhu e-superheater |
| I-ASTM A214 (Imininingwane ye-Carbon Steel Heat Exchanger kanye nama-Condenser Tubes ahambisana nokumelana nogesi) | — | Izishintshi zokushisa, ama-condensers |
| I-ASTM A250 (Imininingwane ye-Ferritic Alloy Steel Boiler kanye nama-Superheater Tubes ahambisana nokumelana nogesi) | T1, T2, T5, T9, T11, T22 | Ibhoyila yokushisa okuphezulu kanye ne-superheater |
| I-ASTM A334 (Imininingwane yamashubhu e-Carbon ne-Alloy Steel angenamthungo futhi ashiselwe esevisi yokushisa okuphansi) | GR.1, GR.3, GR.6 | Isevisi yokushisa okuphansi, i-cryogenic |
| Amazinga e-EN / DIN / BS | ||
| I-EN 10217-1 (Amapayipi ensimbi ahlanganisiwe ngenhloso yokucindezela - Amapayipi ensimbi angewona ahlanganisiwe anezakhiwo ezithile zokushisa kwegumbi) | P235TR1, P265TR1 | Imikhumbi yokucindezela, ama-drum e-boiler, amapayipi okucindezela okuphezulu |
| I-EN 10217-2 (Amashubhu ensimbi ahlanganisiwe ngenhloso yokucindezela - Amashubhu ensimbi angewona a-alloy kanye ne-alloy anezakhiwo ezithile zokushisa eziphakeme) | P235GH, P265GH, P295GH, P355GH | Izinga lokushisa eliphakeme, amashubhu ebhoyila, ama-heat exchanger |
| I-EN 10219-1 (Izingxenye zensimbi ezimboziwe ezihlanganisiwe ezakhiwe ngokubandayo ngenhloso yokwakha) | S235JRH, S275J0H, S275J2H, S355J0H, S355J2H, S355K2H | Izicelo zesakhiwo, ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo, amabhuloho |
| I-EN 10210 (Izingxenye ezingenalutho ezakhiweni eziqediwe ezishisayo zensimbi ezingezona i-alloy kanye nezinsimbi ezincane) | S235JRH, S275J0H, S275J2H, S355J0H, S355J2H, S355K2H S420MH, S460MH | Izingxenye ezingenalutho/ezinezimbobo ezishisiwe ezakhiwe ngokushisa ngenhloso yokwakha, ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo, amabhuloho |
| I-EN 10025-2 (Imikhiqizo egoqekile eshisayo yezinsimbi zesakhiwo - Izinsimbi zesakhiwo ezingezona i-alloy) | S235JR, S275JR, S355JR, | Umsebenzi wensimbi ojwayelekile wesakhiwo, ubunjiniyela bomphakathi |
| I-EN 10255 (Amashubhu ensimbi angewona a-alloy afanelekela ukushisela kanye nokufaka intambo) | S195T, S235JRTH | Amanzi, igesi, indle, izinhlelo zamapayipi anezintambo |
| EN 10305-2 (Amapayipi ensimbi okusetshenziswa ngokunemba - Amapayipi adonswayo abandayo ahlanganisiwe) | E215, E235, E355 | Izinhlelo zokusebenza ezinembile, amasilinda e-hydraulic |
| I-BS 1387 (Imininingwane yamashubhu ensimbi anezikulufo nama-socket) | Isigaba A, B, C | Amanzi, igesi, umusi, i-scaffolding, ipayipi elinezintambo |
| I-DIN 2458 (Amashubhu ensimbi ahlanganisiwe kanye nokufakwa - Izimo ezijwayelekile zokulethwa kobuchwepheshe) | St37.0, St44.0, St52.0 | Amashubhu ensimbi ahlanganisiwe ajwayelekile, izinhlelo zokusebenza zesakhiwo |
| Izindinganiso ze-ISO kanye nezinye | ||
| I-ISO 3183 (Imboni ye-Petroleum negesi yemvelo - Ipayipi lensimbi lezinhlelo zokuthutha amapayipi) | L245, L290, L360, L415 | Amapayipi kawoyela negesi (okulingana ne-ISO ye-API 5L) |
| ISO 65 (Amapayipi ensimbi amanzi, igesi kanye nendle - Amapayipi anentambo) | Okuphakathi, Okunzima | Amanzi, igesi, indle, ipayipi elinezintambo |
| I-CSA G40.21 (Insimbi yekhwalithi yesakhiwo - indinganiso yaseCanada) | 44W, 50W | Izicelo zesakhiwo (eCanada) |
| AS 1163 (Izingxenye zensimbi ezakhiwe ngesakhiwo - indinganiso yase-Australia) | C250, C350, C450 | Izingxenye ezingenalutho ezakhiweni (e-Australia) |
| I-GOST 10706 (Amapayipi ensimbi ahlanganisiwe amapayipi nezakhiwo - indinganiso yaseRussia) | USt20, USt35, USt45 | Amapayipi, ukusetshenziswa kwesakhiwo (eRussia) |
Ukusetshenziswa:Ukudluliswa kukawoyela negesi, amanzi kanye nendle, amaphrojekthi ezakhiwo, i-scaffolding, isisekelo sokufaka inqwaba, uketshezi olunomfutho ophezulu, ukucubungula amakhemikhali, ukukhiqizwa kwamandla, ukwakhiwa, ubunjiniyela basolwandle, amashubhu ebhoyila, ama-heat exchanger, ama-superheater, ama-condenser, isevisi yokushisa okuphansi, ukusetshenziswa okunembile, amasilinda e-hydraulic, izinhlelo zamapayipi anezintambo
6. Inqubo Yokukhiqiza - Ipayipi Lensimbi le-ERW / HFW
Ukuhlolwa Kwezinto Ezingavuthiwe:Amakhoyili ensimbi angenayo aqinisekiswa ngokwakheka kwamakhemikhali, izakhiwo zemishini, kanye nekhwalithi yobuso. Ikhoyili ngayinye inikezwa inombolo yokushisa ehlukile ukuze kulandeleke ngokugcwele.
Ukuvula Nokulinganisa:Amakhoyili ayavulwa futhi alinganiswe ukuze kufezwe umcu futhi kususwe isethi yekhoyili, okuqinisekisa ukuthi i-flat iyafana ukuze kwakhiwe ngendlela efanayo.
Ukusikwa Nokunqunywa Kwemiphetho:Zombili izinqe zomucu zigaywa ukuze kube nokubekezelelana okuqondile kobubanzi (± 0.5mm), okudala indawo ehlanzekile, ehambisanayo yokwakheka kwe-weld esezingeni eliphezulu.
Ukwakheka Komkhuhlane:Umcu olinganisiwe udlula ekwakheni imiqulu ebumba kancane kancane umcu oyisicaba ube yigobolondo leshubhu elivulekile eliyindilinga.
Ukushisela Okuvame Kakhulu (HFW/ERW):Ugesi ovamise kakhulu (200-500 kHz) ufudumeza imiphetho yokuhlangana ekushiseni okuqinile (1,350-1,500°C). Ama-roll okucindezela acindezela imiphetho efudumele ndawonye, adale ukushiswa okuhlanganisiwe ngaphandle kwezinto zokugcwalisa.
Ukususwa Kobuhlalu Bokushisela:Ukukhanya kwangaphakathi nangaphandle kususwa ngama-carbide scarfing blades lapho kushisa, okukhiqiza indawo ebushelelezi enokuqina okuncane kokushiselwa.
Usayizi:Ishubhu elihlanganisiwe lidlula kuma-roll osayizi ukuze kufezwe ukubekezelelana kwe-OD okunembile (± 0.5% kuya ku-± 1.0%). Ama-roll engeziwe akhiqiza izimo zesikwele/ezingunxande uma kudingeka.
Ukwelashwa Kokushisa (Ongakukhetha):Ukulungisa ku-890-930°C kungasetshenziswa ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukuguquguquka noma ukukhululeka ekucindezelekeni, okukhiqiza isakhiwo esincane se-ferrite-pearlite esifanayo.
Ukusika Kuze Kube Bude:Ipayipi lisikwa ngobude obucacisiwe kusetshenziswa amasoso asikiwe andizayo ngokulawula okunembile (±3mm).
Ukuhlolwa Okungonakalisi:
●Ukuhlolwa kwe-Ultrasonic (UT):Ukuhlolwa okungu-100% komthungo we-weld kanye nomzimba wepayipi ukuze kutholakale ama-lamination, izinto ezifakiwe, kanye nokuntuleka kokuhlanganiswa.
● Ukuhlolwa Kwamanje kwe-Eddy (ET):Ukuhlolwa kwekhwalithi yokushisela okuqhubekayo ku-inthanethi.
● Ukuhlolwa Kwamanzi:Ipayipi ngalinye lihlolwe ku-95% we-SMYS okungenani imizuzwana eyi-10.
Ukuqeda Ukuqeda:Iziphetho ezingenalutho, iziphetho ezigobile (30°-35° ezinokufika okungu-1.6mm), noma iziphetho ezinentambo ngokwezidingo zekhasimende.
Ukuhlolwa Kokugcina Nokumaka:Ukuhlolwa okubonakalayo, ukuqinisekiswa kobukhulu (OD, WT, ubude, ukuqondile), kanye nokumaka okuhlala njalo ngokwezinga elijwayelekile (ibanga, usayizi, inombolo yokushisa, umenzi).
7. Izinqubo Zokulawula Ikhwalithi Nokuhlola
| Isiteji | Indlela Yokuhlola | Inhloso |
| Impahla eluhlaza | Ukuhlaziywa Kwamakhemikhali (i-OES Spectrometer) | Qinisekisa ukuhambisana nemikhawulo yokwakheka kwe-API 5L |
| Impahla eluhlaza | Ukuhlolwa Kokunamathela | Qinisekisa ukuvunwa, amandla okudonsa, ukunwebeka |
| Kusenqubo | Ukuhlolwa Kobukhulu (Ama-Micrometer, Ama-Caliper) | I-Monitor OD, WT ngesikhathi sokwakha nokulinganisa |
| Indawo Yokushisela | Ukuhlolwa kwe-Ultrasonic (UT) - Ku-inthanethi | Thola ukungaqhubeki kokushisela, ukuntuleka kokuhlanganiswa |
| Indawo Yokushisela | Ukuhlolwa Kwamanje kwe-Eddy (ET) - Ku-inthanethi | Ukuqapha ikhwalithi yomthungo wokushisela okuqhubekayo |
| Indawo Yokushisela | Ukuhlolwa Okukhulu Komthungo Wokushisela | Qinisekisa ukungena kwe-weld kanye ne-geometry ye-fusion |
| Ipayipi Eliqediwe | Ukuhlolwa kwe-Hydrostatic (imizuzwana eyi-10 ku-95% SMYS) | Qinisekisa ubuqotho bengcindezi kanye nokuqina kokuvuza |
| Ipayipi Eliqediwe | Ukuhlolwa kwe-Ultrasonic (UT) - Okungaxhunyiwe ku-inthanethi (Ongakukhetha) | Ukuhlolwa kwe-laminar yomzimba wonke |
| Ipayipi Eliqediwe | Ukuhlolwa Kwezinhlayiya ZikaMagnetic (MPI) | Ukutholwa kokuqhekeka komphezulu (ukushintshwa kanye ne-HAZ) |
| Ipayipi Eliqediwe | Ukuhlolwa Komthelela we-Charpy V-Notch | Qinisekisa ukuqina kokushisa okuphansi (PSL2) |
| Ipayipi Eliqediwe | Ukuhlolwa Kokuqina (HRC / HV10) | Qinisekisa imikhawulo yokuqina okuphezulu (insizakalo emuncu) |
| Ipayipi Eliqediwe | Ukuhlolwa Kokugoba Okuqondiswayo (Ubuso Nomsuka) | Qinisekisa ukuqina nokuzwakala kwe-weld |
| Ipayipi Eliqediwe | Ukuhlolwa Kokuthamba | Qinisekisa ukuqina kanye nomsindo womzimba wepayipi |
| Ipayipi Eliqediwe | Ukuhlolwa Okubonakalayo Nokubonakalayo | Qinisekisa i-OD, i-WT, ubude, ukuqondile, ikhwalithi yomphezulu |
| Ipayipi Eliqediwe | Ukuqinisekiswa Kokumaka | Qinisekisa ukumaka okuhlala njalo nge-API ngayinye engu-5L |
Ukuhlolwa okwengeziwe kwe-PSL2 / Isevisi Enosawoti:
● Ukuhlolwa kwe-HIC (Hydrogen Induced Cracking) ngokwe-NACE TM0284
● Ukuhlolwa kwe-SSC (Sulfide Stress Cracking) ngokwe-NACE TM0177 Indlela A
● Ukuhlolwa Komthelela we-CVN ku--10°C, -20°C, noma -46°C
● Ukuqinisekiswa Kokuqina (≤ 22 HRC / ≤ 248 HV10 yokumelana ne-HIC)
Imibhalo Esezingeni:
● Isitifiketi Sokuhlolwa Komshini ngokwe-EN 10204 Uhlobo 2.2, 3.1, noma 3.2
● Umbiko Wokuhlolwa Kwamanzi (ipayipi ngalinye)
● Umbiko Wokuhlolwa kwe-UT / ET
Ukulandeleka kusukela enombolweni yokushisa kuya epayipini eliqediwe
8. Izicelo Eziyinhloko Ipayipi Lensimbi ye-ERW
Amapayipi e-ERW ayizingxenye ezibalulekile ekudlulisweni kukawoyela negesi kanye nezicelo ezahlukahlukene zezimboni:
Ukudluliswa Kwamafutha Negesi:Amapayipi ahamba ibanga elide ogwini nasogwini lolwandle ukuze kusetshenziswe uwoyela ongahluziwe, igesi yemvelo, kanye nemikhiqizo kaphethiloli ecolisisiwe.
Ukuthuthwa Koketshezi Olunomfutho Ophakeme:Imigqa yokujova amanzi, izinhlelo zokulahla amanzi ezikhiqizwe, kanye nokudluliselwa koketshezi olunomfutho ophezulu ezindaweni zikawoyela nasezindaweni zokucubungula.
Amaphrojekthi Ombhobho Wasogwini:Imigqa yokuqoqana enqamula izwe, imigqa ye-trunk, kanye namapayipi okusabalalisa ezindaweni zikawoyela negesi.
Izinhlelo Zokuphayiphiza Kwasogwini:Imizila yokugeleza kwamanzi angaphansi kolwandle, izikhuphuli, kanye namapayipi okuthumela kwamanye amazwe amapulatifomu angaphandle kolwandle kanye nokuqedwa kwamanzi angaphansi kolwandle (nge-PSL2 kanye nezinketho zesevisi emuncu).
Izindawo Zesevisi Ezingacacile:Amapayipi aphatha igesi emanzi emuncu (equkethe i-H₂S) adinga i-PSL2 enezidingo ezengeziwe kufaka phakathi ukumelana ne-HIC kanye ne-SSC ngokwezindinganiso ze-NACE.
Ukudluliselwa Kwamanzi:Amapayipi okuphakelwa kwamanzi anobubanzi obukhulu, izinhlelo zokunisela, kanye nokudluliselwa kwamanzi angavuthiwe okusetshenziswa komasipala kanye nezimboni.
Ukwelashwa Kwendle Namanzi Angcolile:Imigqa yokukhipha ukungcola, amapayipi okulungisa indle, kanye nezinhlelo zokuphatha udaka.
Izicelo Zesakhiwo Sezimboni:Ama-rack amapayipi, izisekelo, izinsimbi zokusekela, kanye nezingxenye zesakhiwo ezindaweni zokuhluza, izitshalo ze-petrochemical, kanye nezakhiwo zezimboni.
Izindawo Zokucubungula Uwoyela Negesi:Imigqa yokugeleza, izihloko, ama-manifold, kanye namapayipi axhumanisayo ezitshalweni zokucubungula kanye neziteshi ze-compressor.
Amapayipi e-EPC kanye nezitshalo:Amapayipi okucubungula kanye nokusetshenziswa ezindaweni zokuhluza, iziteshi zokucubungula igesi, izakhiwo zamakhemikhali, kanye nezindawo zokukhiqiza ugesi.
9. Ukupakisha Nokuthumela
Amapayipi e-ERW ayapakishwa futhi athunyelwe ngokucophelela okukhulu ukuqinisekisa ukuvikeleka kwawo ngesikhathi sokuthutha. Nansi incazelo yenqubo yokupakisha nokuthumela:
Ukupakisha:
Isivikelo Esivikelayo:Ngaphambi kokupakisha, amapayipi angambozwa ngesendlalelo esincane samafutha alwa nokugqwala noma i-varnish evikelayo ukuvimbela ukugqwala kwendawo kanye nokubola ngesikhathi sokugcina nokuthutha. Ukuphela okungenalutho nakho kuyatholakala ukuze kufakwe ukugqokwa ngokushesha lapho uya khona.
Ukuhlanganisa:Amapayipi anobukhulu obufanayo kanye nemininingwane efanayo ahlanganiswa ngokucophelela ndawonye ngamaqoqo ayisithupha noma angunxande. Aqiniswa kusetshenziswa amabhande ensimbi (ngokuvamile amabhande angu-3-5 ngeqoqo ngalinye) ukuvimbela ukunyakaza ngaphakathi kweqoqo.
Ama-Caps Okugcina:Izivalo zepulasitiki (PE noma PP) zifakwa kuzo zombili izinhlangothi zepayipi ngalinye ukuvikela izinhlangothi ezigobile, izinhlangothi ezicacile, kanye nokuxhumeka okunezintambo ekulimaleni kokushayisana, ukungena kwemfucuza kanye nomswakama.
Ukupheda kanye Nokugudla:Kuma-oda okuthumela ngaphandle asezingeni eliphezulu, izinto zokunamathisela ezifana nezindandatho ze-foam noma imichilo yerabha zingasetshenziswa phakathi kwezingqimba zamapayipi ukuvimbela ukuguguleka kanye nomonakalo wokumboza ngesikhathi sokuphathwa.
Amabhokisi noma Amakesi Okhuni:Kumapayipi anezindonga ezincane, amapayipi anembile, noma ama-oda okugqoka aphezulu, amapayipi angapakishwa emabhokisini ezinkuni aqinile noma emabhokisini e-plywood ukuze ahlinzeke ngesivikelo esithuthukisiwe emandleni angaphandle kanye nokuphathwa kabi.
Ukuthunyelwa:
Indlela Yokuhamba:Amapayipi athunyelwa ngemikhumbi yeziqukathi (20ft/40ft), imithwalo emikhulu, noma imithwalo yesitimela kuye ngokuthi uya kuphi, ubukhulu, kanye nokuphuthuma. Imithwalo yendiza iyatholakala ukuze ithunyelwe ngesampula noma ngesikhathi esibalulekile.
Ukufakwa kweziqukathi:Ama-oda amancane kuya kwaphakathi alayishwe ezitsheni zokuthumela ezijwayelekile, evikela imithwalo esimweni sezulu, umswakama, kanye nokungcola kwangaphandle ngesikhathi sokuhamba.
Ukulayisha Imikhumbi Emikhulu:Ama-oda amakhulu (ngokuvamile angaphezu kwamathani angu-200) alayishwa ngqo ezithwalweni ezinkulu. Imishayo yokuphakamisa kanye nemigoqo yokusakaza ivimbela umonakalo; ukusika nokubopha imithwalo evikelekile ekunyakazeni kolwandle.
Ukulebula kanye Nemibhalo:Iphakheji ngayinye ilebula ngokucacile ngebanga, izinga elijwayelekile, ubukhulu, inombolo yokushisa, kanye nemiyalelo yokuphatha. Imibhalo ephelele (i-invoyisi yezentengiselwano, uhlu lokupakisha, i-bill of lading, isitifiketi semvelaphi, izitifiketi zokuhlolwa kwemishini) ilungiselelwe ukusulwa kwempahla kalula.
Ukubopha Okuphephile:Izinqwaba eziboshwe ngezintambo zensimbi, izikhwama zomquba, noma izinsimbi zokubopha ukhuni ukuvimbela ukugudluka, ukugingqika, noma ukulimala ngesikhathi sokuhamba.
Ukulandelela kanye Nomshuwalense:Izinombolo zokulandelela izitsha zinikeziwe ukuze kuqashwe ngesikhathi sangempela. Umshuwalense wempahla yasemanzini (Yonke Ingozi noma Ngokwesilinganiso) uyatholakala uma uceliwe.
Ngamafuphi, i-Womic Steel iqinisekisa ukuthi wonke amapayipi e-ERW Steel apakishwa ngezinyathelo zokuvikela ezihamba phambili embonini futhi athunyelwa ngezindlela zokuthutha ezinokwethenjelwa ukuze afike lapho eya khona esesimweni esihle kakhulu. Izinqubo ezifanele zokupakisha nokuthumela zibalulekile ekulondolozeni ubuqotho kanye nekhwalithi yemikhiqizo ethunyelwe.
10. Izinzuzo ze-Womic Steel kanye ne-FAQ
Kungani Kufanele Usebenzisane Ne-Womic Steel?
Isitolo Esinendawo Yonke:Ububanzi obuphelele kusukela kumapayipi e-API 5L ERW kuya kokufakwa kwamapayipi e-OEM afanayo (Ama-Elbows, Ama-Tees, Ama-Reducers, Ama-Flanges, Ama-Caps) ngamamaki ezinto ezihambisanayo, kufaka phakathi insimbi yekhabhoni, insimbi ye-alloy, kanye nensimbi engagqwali.
Ukuthobela Umthetho Kwezobuchwepheshe:Izitifiketi Zokuhlolwa Okugcwele Kwesigayo (EN 10204 Uhlobo 2.2, 3.1, noma 3.2) zinikezwa nakho konke ukuthunyelwa, zichaza ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali okuqondile, imiphumela yokuhlolwa kwemishini, kanye nemibiko yokuhlolwa engonakalisi.
Izinsizakalo Ezenezelwe Inani:Ukuhlobisa iziphetho (30°-35°), ukufaka intambo nokuxhumanisa, ukufakwa kwezivalo zepulasitiki, kanye nokugqoka okulwa nokugqwala (FBE, 3LPE, 3LPP, Epoxy, Galvanizing) kuyatholakala ngaphakathi noma ngezikhungo zomlingani ofanelekayo.
Ukuncintisana Kwezokuthutha:Ubambiswano oluhlelekile nabathengisi bezimpahla emhlabeni wonke luqinisekisa ukulayishwa kahle kweziqukathi (ukwandisa inani ngesiqukathi ngasinye) kanye nokuthunyelwa komhlaba wonke okungabizi kakhulu ngezikhathi zokuhamba ezithembekile.
Isitokwe kanye nokutholakala kwaso:Isitoko esikhulu sosayizi abajwayelekile be-API 5L X52 (2"-24" OD, Ishejuli 10-80) siqinisekisa izikhathi ezimfushane zokuhola kanye nokuphendula okusheshayo ezidingweni zephrojekthi eziphuthumayo. Osayizi abangokwezifiso bakhiqizwa ngokufunwa ngesikhathi esijwayelekile sokuhola sezinsuku ezingu-30-45.
Amandla Esevisi E-Sour:Amandla aphelele okuhlinzeka ngamapayipi e-PSL2 ngokuhlolwa kwe-HIC kanye ne-SSC ngokwezindinganiso ze-NACE zokusetshenziswa kwegesi emuncu. Ukuqina kulawulwa ku-≤ 248 HV10 / ≤ 22 HRC.
Khetha i-Womic Steel Group njengomlingani wakho othembekile wamapayipi ensimbi e-API 5L X52 ERW asezingeni eliphezulu kanye nokusebenza kahle kokulethwa. Siyakwamukela ukubuza!
Iwebhusayithi: www.womicsteel.com
I-imeyili: sales@womicsteel.com
Ucingo/I-WhatsApp/I-WeChat:
UVictor: +86-15575100681
UJack: +86-18390957568
Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa (Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa)
Q: Uyini umehluko phakathi kwe-API 5L PSL1 kanye ne-PSL2 yamapayipi e-X52?
A: I-PSL1 (Izinga Lokucaciswa Komkhiqizo 1) iyizinga lekhwalithi elijwayelekile elinezidingo eziyisisekelo zamakhemikhali nezemishini. I-PSL2 (Izinga Lokucaciswa Komkhiqizo 2) ibeka imingcele eqinile ku-carbon, i-phosphorus, ne-sulfur, idinga isilinganiso esiphezulu se-income-to-tensile esingu-0.93, ukuhlolwa komthelela we-Charpy okuphoqelekile, kanye nokuhlolwa okuthuthukisiwe okungonakalisi. I-PSL2 iyadingeka ukuze kusetshenziswe isevisi emuncu, ulwandle, kanye nezicelo zamapayipi ezibalulekile. Ku-X52, i-PSL2 idinga futhi i-carbon equivalent ephansi (CE ≤ 0.43%) ukuze kube nokushibilika okungcono.
Q: Ingabe ipayipi le-API 5L X52 lingasetshenziswa ezinhlotsheni zezakhiwo?
A: Yebo. Amandla amancane okukhiqiza e-X52 angu-360 MPa (52,000 psi) ayenza ifaneleke ezinhlelweni eziningi zesakhiwo okuhlanganisa ama-racks amapayipi, amakholomu okusekela, ukubopha, kanye nohlaka olunzima lwesakhiwo. Kodwa-ke, ezinhlelweni zesakhiwo kuphela (okungenangcindezi), i-ASTM A500 GR.B noma i-A53 GR.B ingaba izinketho ezingabizi kakhulu.
U: Uyini umehluko phakathi kwe-ERW ne-HFW? Yikuphi okungcono ngepayipi le-X52?
A: I-ERW (Electric Resistance Welding) kanye ne-HFW (High Frequency Welding) zivame ukusetshenziswa ngokushintshana. I-HFW isebenzisa ngqo i-high-frequency current (ngokuvamile i-200-500 kHz) ekhiqiza indawo encane ethinteke ngokushisa (HAZ) kanye nekhwalithi ephezulu ye-weld uma kuqhathaniswa ne-low-frequency ERW evamile. Ku-API 5L X52, i-HFW iyinqubo ekhethwayo njengoba inikeza ukuqina kwe-weld okungcono kanye ne-HAZ encane, ebalulekile ekusetshenzisweni kwe-muncu kanye nezinhlelo zokusebenza zokushisa okuphansi.
U: Kusho ukuthini ukuthi "isevisi emuncu" futhi ungakwazi yini ukunikeza i-X52 yesevisi emuncu?
A: Isevisi emuncu ibhekisela kumapayipi athwala igesi emanzi equkethe i-hydrogen sulfide (H₂S). Ngaphansi kwalezi zimo, insimbi ejwayelekile ingase ihlushwe yi-Hydrogen Induced Cracking (HIC) noma i-Sulfide Stress Cracking (SSC). Yebo, i-Womic Steel inikeza i-X52 PSL2 ngezidingo ezengeziwe zesevisi emuncu ngokwe-API 5L Annex H, okuhlanganisa ukuhlolwa kwe-HIC (NACE TM0284), ukuhlolwa kwe-SSC (NACE TM0177), kanye nokulawula ubulukhuni (≤ 248 HV10 / ≤ 22 HRC).
Q: Yibuphi ubude obukhulu obutholakalayo bepayipi le-API 5L X52 ERW?
A: Sihlinzeka ngamapayipi e-ERW ngobude obujwayelekile obungaguquki obufika kumamitha ayi-12 (cishe amamitha angu-40) ngobubanzi obufika ku-610mm (24"). Ngobubanzi obuncane (ngaphansi kuka-168mm / 6"), ubude obufika kumamitha ayi-18 (amamitha angu-60) buyatholakala uma ucela. Ubude obude bamaphrojekthi athile budinga imininingwane eningiliziwe kanye nokubuyekezwa kobunjiniyela.
Q: Yiziphi izinhlobo zokuqeda ezitholakalayo kumapayipi omugqa we-X52?
A: Sihlinzeka ngeziphetho ezicacile (isikwele sokusika ukushisela izinqe noma ukuhlanganisa okwenziwa ngomshini), iziphetho ezibekiwe (i-angle ye-bevel engu-30°-35° ene-landing engu-1.6mm ± 0.8mm yokushisela izinqe ensimini), iziphetho ezinemicu (i-API noma imicu echazwe ngamakhasimende), kanye neziphetho ezihlanganisiwe (ezinokuxhuma okunemicu emaphethelweni epayipi). Ukulungiswa kokuphela okwenziwe ngokwezifiso kuyatholakala ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo ezithile zokufakwa.
U: Ungakwazi yini ukunikeza ukuhlolwa komuntu wesithathu kwamapayipi e-API 5L X52?
A: Yebo. Siyakwamukela futhi senza kube lula ukuhlolwa yi-DNV, BV, SGS, TÜV, ABS, LR, noma yimuphi ummeleli oqokwe yiklayenti ngesikhathi sokukhiqiza (ukubona ukuhlolwa kwe-hydro, UT, ukuhlolwa kobukhulu) nangaphambi kokuthunyelwa. 3.2 Izitifiketi zokuhlola eziqinisekiswe yizinhlangano zangaphandle ezigunyaziwe zinikezwa njalo uma ziceliwe.
U: Ingabe ninikeza izinsizakalo ezisezingeni eliphezulu zepayipi le-X52?
A: Yebo. Sinikeza ukusika ngokunemba ngobude obuqondile obuchazwe ngamakhasimende ngokumelana okuqinile (ngokuvamile ±3mm) kanye neziphetho ezihlanzekile, ezingenayo i-burr. Ukusika kungalandelwa ukugoba kokuphela (kokushisela) noma ukusonta (kokuxhumanisa ngomshini) njengoba kudingeka.
Q: Yiziphi izinketho zokumboza ezitholakalayo zepayipi le-API 5L X52 ERW?
A: Sinikeza izinketho ezahlukene zokumboza okuhlanganisa: i-FBE (i-Fusion Bonded Epoxy) - ungqimba olulodwa noma oluphindwe kabili; i-3LPE / 3LPP (i-Three Layer Polyethylene / i-Polypropylene); i-Coal Tar Epoxy; i-Liquid Epoxy; i-Galvanizing (i-Hot Dip noma i-Electro); kanye ne-Black coating (i-lacquer noma i-varnish). I-coating ingasetshenziswa esakhiweni sethu noma ngezitshalo zokumboza ezihambisana nabalingani abanezitifiketi ezifanele.
Q: Singakanani isikhathi sokuhola se-API 5L X52 PSL2 enezidingo zesevisi emuncu?
A: Isikhathi esijwayelekile sokukhokha se-PSL2 ngezidingo zesevisi emuncu (kufaka phakathi ukuhlolwa kwe-HIC kanye ne-SSC) cishe izinsuku ezingu-45-60 kusukela ekuqinisekisweni kwe-oda, kuye ngobuningi be-oda kanye nezidingo zokuhlolwa ezithile. Ama-oda asheshayo (izinsuku ezingu-30-45) angatholakala ngamanani amancane. Sicela usithinte ukuze uthole izikhathi zamanje zokukhokha ngokusekelwe ezidingweni zakho ezithile.
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