1. Inhloso
Ukuqinisekisa inqubo yokubeka i-nickel engena-electron, ukulawulwa kwamapharamitha, kanye nezidingo zekhwalithi, ukuqinisekisa ikhwalithi yokumboza eqinile ehlangabezana nezindinganiso zamakhasimende nezamazwe ngamazwe.
2. Ububanzi
Kusebenza ku-electroless nickel plating ku-carbon steel, insimbi engagqwali, kanye ne-copper alloys. Akusebenzi ku-magnesium alloys, titanium alloys, noma ezinye izinqubo ezikhethekile.
3. Izinkomba Ezijwayelekile
- • GB/T 13913-2008 – Izimbozo ze-alloy ze-nickel-phosphorus ezizenzakalelayo
- • GB/T 6461-2002 – Isilinganiso samasampula okuhlola kanye nezinto zezembozo zensimbi nezinye izinto ezingaphili ezisekelweni zensimbi ngemva kokuhlolwa kokugqwala
- • I-ASTM B733-18 – Imininingwane Ejwayelekile Yezimbozo Ze-Autocatalytic (Ezingena-Electro) ze-Nickel-Phosphorus
- • ISO 4527:2003 – Izimbozo zensimbi – Izimbozo ze-nickel-phosphorus alloy ezizenzakalelayo (ezingena-electron)
- • GB/T 5270-2005 – Izimbozo zensimbi ezisekelweni zensimbi – Izimbozo ezifakwe ngogesi nezifakwe ngamakhemikhali – Izindlela zokuhlola ukunamathela
4. Isimiso Senqubo
I-electroless nickel plating inqubo yokubeka amakhemikhali e-autocatalytic lapho i-sodium hypophosphite inciphisa khona ama-ion e-Ni²⁺ ukuze kwakheke i-Ni-P alloy coating.
Indlela yokusabela:
- • Ukushiswa kwe-Anodic: H₂PO₂⁻ + H₂O → H₂PO₃⁻ + 2H⁺ + 2e⁻
- • Ukwehliswa kwe-Cathodic: Ni²⁺ + 2e⁻ → Ni
- • Ukufakwa kwe-phosphorus ndawonye: H₂PO₂⁻ + 2H⁺ + e⁻ → P + 2H₂O
Ukuhlukaniswa kokumboza ngokuqukethwe kwe-phosphorus:
| Uhlobo | Okuqukethwe kwe-phosphorus |
| I-Low-P | 1–5% |
| I-Mid-P | 5–10% |
| I-High-P | 10–15% |
5. Ukugeleza Kwenqubo
Ukuhlolwa → Ukususa amafutha → Ukuhlanza okushisayo → Ukuhlanza okugelezayo → Ukukhahlela → Ukuhlanza → Ukwenza kusebenze → Ukuhlanza → Ukuhlanza kwe-DI → Ukuhlanza okungenagesi → Ukubuyisela esimweni → Ukuhlanza okuphambene nezinga eli-3 → Ukuhlanza → Ukuhlanza kwe-DI → Ukomisa → Ukuhlola → Ukupakisha
6. Amapharamitha Enqubo Eyinhloko
| Ipharamitha | Ibanga lokulawula | Amazwi |
| Ukuhlushwa kwe-Ni²⁺ | 8–12 g/L | Kunconywa 9–10 g/L |
| I-sodium hypophosphate | 25–35 g/L | Isilinganiso se-molar ku-Ni²⁺: 2.5–3.5:1 |
| I-ejenti eyinkimbinkimbi (i-sodium citrate) | 30–40 g/L | Iqinisa ama-ion e-nickel |
| I-Buffer (i-sodium acetate) | 15–25 g/L | Igcina ukuqina kwe-pH |
| inani le-pH | 4.5–5.5 (Phakathi/phezulu-P) | Kulungiswe nge-ammonia noma i-sodium carbonate |
| Izinga lokushisa | 85–90℃ | Okuhle kakhulu okungu-88±1℃ |
| Iyalayisha | 0.5–1.5 dm²/L | Ukulayisha okuphezulu kunciphisa izinga lokufakwa |
| Izinga lokufaka imali | 15–25 μm/h | Kuyancipha ngokuguga kokugeza |
| Isikhathi | imizuzu eyi-15–60 | Kuye ngokujiya okudingekayo |
| Ukucasuka | Umoya womshini noma ocindezelwe kancane | Kunconywa ukunyakaza noma ukujikeleza kwezingxenye zomsebenzi |
| Ukuhlunga | Ukuhlunga okuqhubekayo, isilinganiso esingu-5–10 μm | Isusa izinhlayiya, ivimbela ukugoba |
7. Imininingwane Yomkhiqizo kanye Nokukwazi Ukumboza
7.1 Ububanzi Bosayizi Bezinto Zokusebenza
| Into | Ipharamitha |
| Usayizi ophezulu | 1500×800×600 mm |
| Usayizi omncane | 5×5×5 mm |
| Isisindo esiphezulu | 200 kg |
| Isisindo esincane | 1 g |
7.2 Amandla Okujiya Kokumboza
| Uhlobo | Ububanzi bokujiya | Isicelo esijwayelekile |
| Izingxenye eziqondile | 5–10 μm | Imicu, ama-valve cores, izingxenye ze-hydraulic |
| Izingxenye ezijwayelekile | 10–50 μm | Izingxenye ezijwayelekile ezingamelani nokugqwala nokuguguleka |
| Ukugqoka okujiyile | 50–100 μm | Ukulungiswa kokugqokwa, izindawo ezingcolisayo kakhulu |
Ukufana: ±10% (izingxenye ezijwayelekile); ±15% (izimo eziyinkimbinkimbi)
7.3 Izakhiwo Zokumboza
| Impahla | Njengoba kufakwe ipuleti | Kuphathwe ngokushisa (400℃ × 1h) | Amazwi |
| Ubulukhuni (HV) | ≥500 HV | ≥800 HV | Ukwelashwa ngokushisa kwandisa ubulukhuni |
| Ukunamathela | ≤ Ibanga 1 (GB/T 5270) | — | Akukho ukuxebuka, akukho ukuqhekeka |
| Ukuhlolwa kokufutha ngosawoti (i-NSS, i-5% NaCl, i-35℃) | ≥24 amahora (Phakathi no-P) ≥72 amahora (High-P) | — | Ngokwezidingo zamakhasimende |
| Ukubhoboka | ≤1 iphuzu/cm² | — | Ngokuvamile ayinazo izimbobo ≥25 μm |
| Ukumelana | 50–100 μΩ·cm | 30–60 μΩ·cm | — |
Ukwelashwa ngokushisa: 400℃ ±10℃, ihora eli-1, umoya/isithando somlilo sipholile.
8. Amandla Okukhiqiza
| Into | Umthamo |
| Ivolumu yethangi elilodwa | 2–5 m³ |
| Isisindo seqembu | 500–1500 kg |
| Umthamo wansuku zonke | Amathani angu-3–8 |
| Umthamo wanyanga zonke | Amathani angu-80–200 |
Qaphela: Umthamo wangempela uncike ku-geometry, ukujiya, nokuguga kwebhavu.
9. Ukuhlolwa Kwekhwalithi
9.1 Izinto Zokuhlola
| Into | Indlela | Imvamisa | Inqubo yokwamukela |
| Ubukhulu | I-XRF / i-microscope ye-metallographic | Amaphuzu angu-≥3 ngomdlalo ngamunye ngebhetshi ngayinye | Umdwebo we-Meet; ukuthuthukiswa okuphezulu ≤10% |
| Ubulukhuni | Ubulukhuni be-HV0.1 micro | Kanye ngeshifti ngayinye | ≥500 HV (njengoba ibekwe ephepheni); ≥800 HV (HT) |
| Ukunamathela | Ifayela/ukugoba/ukusika okuphambeneyo+itheyiphu | Isiqephu esisodwa ngeqoqo ngalinye | Ibanga ≤1, akukho ukuxebuka |
| Ukubukeka | Okubonakalayo (ukukhanya okujwayelekile) | 100% | Igqamile ngendlela efanayo; akukho zinkinga |
| Isifutho sikasawoti | I-NSS 5% NaCl, 35℃ | Ngebhetshi/ushintsho | I-Mid-P ≥24 h; I-High-P ≥72 h |
| Okuqukethwe kwe-phosphorus | I-EDS / amakhemikhali | Indlu yokugezela entsha yamasonto onke / | 1–5% / 5–10% / 10–15% |
9.2 Ukuhlukaniswa Kokubukeka
| Ibanga | Incazelo |
| Ibanga A | Iyunifomu ekhanyayo/ekhanyayo kancane, ayinazo iziphambeko |
| Ibanga B | Amamaki amanzi/ama-rack amancane, akukho migodi/ukuxebuka |
| Ibanga C | Ukufiphala okuncane/ukwehluka kombala, kusebenza kahle |
| Yenqaba | Ukugoba, ukuhluba, ukweqa i-plating, ukusha, umehluko omkhulu wombala |
10. Ukuxazulula izinkinga
| Inkinga | Imbangela engaba khona | Isixazululo |
| Ukunamathela okubi | Ukususa/ukukhuhla okungaphelele; ukusebenza okunganele | Thuthukisa ukwelashwa kwangaphambi kwesikhathi; khulisa ukusebenza |
| Ukugoba/ukurhabaxa | Izinhlayiya ezibhavini; i-pH ephezulu iyawa | Thuthukisa ukuhlunga (5 μm); i-pH ephansi |
| Ukugqoka okumpunga/okumnyama | I-Ni²⁺/hypophosphate ephansi; i-pH/izinga lokushisa eliphansi | Engeza amakhemikhali; pH 4.8–5.2; ukushisa kufinyelele ku-88℃ |
| Yeqa i-plating | Ukudlula kwendawo; uwoyela/i-oxide eseleyo | Thuthukisa ukusebenza; phinda unciphise amafutha |
| Izinga lokufaka eliphansi | Izinga lokushisa eliphansi/i-Ni²⁺/i-reducer; i-pH engekho; ukugeza okudala | Shisa kufike ku-88–90℃; lungisa i-pH; vuselela ukugeza |
| Ukubola kwebhavu | Ukushisa ngokweqile; i-pH ephezulu; ukwengeza okusheshayo; ukulayisha okuphansi | Yeka ukufudumala; i-pH ephansi; nciphisa ukugeza |
11. Ukuphepha
- • I-PPE: Amagilavu e-asidi/alkali, izibuko, i-apron, i-respirator (i-ammonia/i-asidi).
- • Indawo yokugcina amakhemikhali: Hlukanisa i-nickel sulfate, i-hypophosphite, ama-acid, ama-alkali; kude nokushisa/izinciphisi.
- • Imikhawulo: Ungaxubi i-conc. acid + hypophosphite (i-phosphine enobuthi). Ncibilikisa izinto eziqinile emanzini e-DI kuqala.
- • Umoya ophumayo: Umoya ophumayo wendawo ngaphezu kwamatangi (ukususwa kwe-hydrogen).
- • Isimo Esiphuthumayo: Ukuwasha amehlo, ishawa, i-dry powder/CO₂ firemisher, i-respirator, i-dill kit.
12. Ukuvikelwa Kwemvelo
- • Amanzi angcolile: Amanzi angcolile ahlukene; i-pH eqondile 9–10 + PAC/PAM; i-Ni <0.5 mg/L.
- • Imfucuza eyingozi: Ukugeza okuchithiwe, izihlungi, i-activator, i-Ni sludge – ukulahla okunelayisensi okune-manifest.
- • Ukukhishwa kwegesi: Umoya ogeleza njalo; qapha i-ammonia/i-hydrogen nge-GB 16297 ngayinye.
- • Amandla/amanzi: Vimbela amathangi ngokushisa; hlanza ngamanzi aphinde ageleze; ukugcwalisa kabusha okugxilile.
13. Ukwakheka Kokugeza (I-Phosphorus Ephakathi, Izingxenye Ezijwayelekile)
| Amakhemikhali | Ukugxila | Umsebenzi |
| I-NiSO₄·6H₂O | 25–35 g/L | Usawoti oyinhloko, umthombo we-Ni²⁺ |
| NaH₂PO₂·H₂O | 25–35 g/L | I-ejenti yokunciphisa, umthombo we-P |
| Na₃C₆H₅O₇·2H₂O | 30–40 g/L | I-ejenti eyinkimbinkimbi |
| CH₃COONa·3H₂O | 15–25 g/L | i-pH buffer |
| I-lactic/propionic acid | 5–10 mL/L | Isisheshisi |
| Isiqinisi (thiourea) | 1–2 mg/L | Kuvimbela ukubola |
Ukulungisa:
1. Ncibilikisa i-NiSO₄, i-citrate, i-acetate emanzini angu-1/3 e-DI, angu-60℃.
2. Ncibilikisa i-hypophosphite + i-lactic acid kwenye ingxenye yesithathu.
3. Hlanganisa, gcwalisa kuze kube yivolumu, i-pH 4.8–5.2.
4. Engeza isiqinisi, ukushisa ku-88℃, isihlungi, ipuleti lokulinga.
14. Amandla Okusebenza Nokuhlola
14.1 Imishini Eyinhloko
| Imishini | Imininingwane |
| Ithangi lokufaka iplati | I-PP/PVC efakwe uphahla, efudumele, nokulawula izinga lokushisa |
| Ukuhlunga | Iphampu engamelana ne-asidi + indlu, 5–10 μm, 1–3×/h |
| Ukulawula izinga lokushisa | I-PID, ±1℃ |
| Ihhavini yokomisa | Umoya oshisayo, 60–120℃ |
| Isihlanzi se-Ultrasonic | 40 kHz, amandla alungisekayo |
| Amanzi e-DI | ≥10 MΩ·cm |
14.2 Imishini Yokuhlola
| Imishini | Ukunemba/Okujwayelekile |
| Ubukhulu be-XRF | 0–200 μm, ±0.1 μm |
| Ubulukhuni obuncane | 10–1000 gf, GB/T 4340.1 |
| Igumbi lokufafaza usawoti | GB/T 10125, ≥200 L |
| I-microscope ye-Metallographic | 100–1000×, imayikromitha |
| imitha ye-pH | ± 0.02, isinxephezelo sezinga lokushisa |
| Ibhalansi yokuhlaziya | 0.01 g |
15. Imibhalo Nokulandelela
- •Irekhodi lokukhiqiza:Inombolo yengxenye, ubuningi, izinga lokushisa, i-pH, isikhathi, ukujiya, umqhubi.
- •Ingobo yokugeza:I-Ni²⁺ yansuku zonke, i-hypophosphite, i-pH; okungeziwe; ukuhlunga/ukuhlanza.
- •Irekhodi lokuhlola:Ubukhulu, ubulukhuni, ukunamathela, ukubukeka, isifutho sikasawoti.
- •Ukugcinwa:Ukulinganisa, ukulungiswa kwephampu, ukwehlisa izinga, ukuhlolwa kwefeni (njalo ngekota).
Ukugcinwa:≥Iminyaka engu-3 (≥Iminyaka engu-10 yemoto/yezokwelapha). Ingalandelelwa kumjikelezo we-batch/bath.
16. Izinhlinzeko ezengeziwe
- • Kubuyekezwa minyaka yonke nguMnyango Wezobuchwepheshe.
- • Izidingo ezikhethekile zamakhasimende (ukufafaza ngosawoti, ubulukhuni, ukusatshalaliswa, ukuqhekeka kwe-H) zibhalwe phansi futhi zalandelwa.
- • Imikhiqizo emisha: Isivivinyo esincane kuqala; ukukhiqizwa ngobuningi ngemva kokuphumelela kuzo zonke izivivinyo.
- • Ukulawula ukukhiqiza kanye nokuhlolwa kwamakhasimende.
Umlando Wokubuyekeza
| Umfundisi | Usuku | Okuqukethwe kokubuyekezwa | Kuvunywe ngu- |
| V1.0 | 2024-xx-xx | Ukukhishwa kokuqala | — |
| V2.0 | 2026-04-30 | Isibuyekezo esigcwele sesiNgisi kuphela | — |
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Meyi-18-2026