Ukwelashwa ngokushisa kubhekisela enkambisweni yokushisa yensimbi lapho izinto zifudunyezwa khona, zibanjwa futhi zipholiswa ngokushisa zisesimweni esiqinile ukuze kutholakale inhlangano nezakhiwo ezifiselekayo.
I. Ukwelashwa Kokushisa
1, Ukulungisa: izingcezu zensimbi noma zensimbi ezishiswayo zifike endaweni ebalulekile ye-AC3 noma i-ACM ngaphezu kwezinga lokushisa elifanele ukuze kugcinwe isikhathi esithile ngemva kokupholisa emoyeni, ukuze kutholakale uhlobo lwe-pearlitic lokuhlela inqubo yokwelapha ukushisa.
2, I-Annealing: umsebenzi wensimbi ye-eutectic oshiswa ku-AC3 ngaphezu kwama-degrees angu-20-40, ngemva kokugcina isikhathi esithile, nesithando somlilo sipholiswa kancane kancane (noma singcwatshwe esihlabathini noma ekupholiseni ngelayimu) kuya kuma-degrees angu-500 ngaphansi kokupholisa enkambisweni yokwelapha ukushisa komoya.
3, Ukwelashwa ngokushisa kwesisombululo esiqinile: i-alloy ishiswa endaweni yokushisa ephezulu yesigaba esisodwa yokushisa okungaguquki ukuze igcinwe, ukuze isigaba eseqile sincibilike ngokuphelele sibe yisisombululo esiqinile, bese sipholiswa ngokushesha ukuze kutholakale inqubo yokwelashwa ngokushisa kwesisombululo esiqinile esigcwele kakhulu.
4、Ukuguga：Ngemva kokwelashwa kokushisa kwesisombululo esiqinile noma ukuguqulwa kwepulasitiki ebandayo kwe-alloy, uma ibekwa ekushiseni kwegumbi noma igcinwe ekushiseni okuphezulu kancane kunekushiseni kwegumbi, isimo sezakhiwo zayo siyashintsha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
5, Ukwelashwa kwesixazululo esiqinile: ukuze i-alloy ezigabeni ezahlukahlukene ichitheke ngokuphelele, iqinise isisombululo esiqinile futhi ithuthukise ukuqina nokumelana nokugqwala, isuse ukucindezeleka nokuthamba, ukuze iqhubeke nokucubungula ukubumba.
6, Ukwelashwa kokuguga: ukushisa nokubamba ekushiseni kwemvula yesigaba sokuqinisa, ukuze imvula yesigaba sokuqinisa ifinyelele, iqine, futhi ithuthukise amandla.
7, Ukucima: i-austenitization yensimbi ngemva kokupholisa ngesivinini esifanele sokupholisa, ukuze umsebenzi oyingxenyeni yonke noma uhla oluthile lwesakhiwo senhlangano esingazinzile njengokuguqulwa kwenqubo yokwelashwa kokushisa kwe-martensite.
8, Ukushisa: umsebenzi ocinyiwe uzoshiswa kuze kube sezingeni elibucayi le-AC1 ngaphansi kwezinga lokushisa elifanele isikhathi esithile, bese upholiswa ngokuhambisana nezidingo zendlela, ukuze kutholakale inhlangano efiselekayo kanye nezakhiwo zenqubo yokwelapha ukushisa.
9, I-carbonitriding yensimbi: I-carbonitriding iwukungqimba olungaphezulu lwensimbi ngesikhathi esifanayo ukungena kwenqubo yekhabhoni ne-nitrogen. I-carbonitriding ejwayelekile yaziwa nangokuthi i-cyanide, i-carbonitriding yegesi yokushisa okuphakathi kanye ne-carbonitriding yegesi yokushisa okuphansi (okungukuthi i-gas nitrocarburizing) isetshenziswa kabanzi. Inhloso eyinhloko ye-carbonitriding yegesi yokushisa okuphakathi ukuthuthukisa ubulukhuni, ukumelana nokuguguleka kanye namandla okukhathala kwensimbi. I-carbonitriding yegesi yokushisa okuphansi kuya ku-nitriding-based, inhloso yayo eyinhloko ukuthuthukisa ukumelana nokuguguleka kwensimbi nokumelana nokuluma.
10, Ukwelashwa Kokushisa (ukucima nokushisa): isiko elijwayelekile lizocinywa futhi liqiniswe emazingeni okushisa aphezulu kuhlanganiswe nokwelashwa kokushisa okwaziwa ngokuthi ukwelashwa kokushisa. Ukwelashwa kokushisa kusetshenziswa kabanzi ezingxenyeni ezahlukahlukene ezibalulekile zesakhiwo, ikakhulukazi lezo ezisebenza ngaphansi kwemithwalo eshintshanayo yezinduku zokuxhuma, amabhawodi, amagiya kanye nemishayo. Ukwelashwa kokushisa ngemva kokwelashwa kokushisa ukuze kuqiniswe ukuhlelwa kwe-sohnite, izakhiwo zayo zemishini zingcono kunokuqina okufanayo kokuhlelwa kwe-sohnite okujwayelekile. Ubulukhuni bayo buxhomeke ekushiseni kokushisa okuphezulu kanye nokuqina kokushisa kwensimbi kanye nosayizi wesigaba somsebenzi, ngokuvamile phakathi kwe-HB200-350.
11, Ukushisisa: ngezinto zokushisisa kuzoba izinhlobo ezimbili zokushisisa okuhlanganisiwe okuhlanganisiwe inqubo yokwelapha ukushisa.
II.Tizici zenqubo
Ukwelashwa ngokushisa kwensimbi kungenye yezinqubo ezibalulekile ekukhiqizweni kwemishini, uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izinqubo zomshini, ukwelashwa ngokushisa ngokuvamile akushintshi ukuma kwento yokusebenza kanye nokwakheka kwamakhemikhali okuphelele, kodwa ngokushintsha isakhiwo sangaphakathi sento yokusebenza, noma ukushintsha ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali ebusweni bento yokusebenza, ukunikeza noma ukuthuthukisa ukusetshenziswa kwezakhiwo zento yokusebenza. Kubonakala ngokuthuthuka kwekhwalithi yangaphakathi yento yokusebenza, okungavamile ukubonakala emehlweni enyama. Ukuze kwenziwe into yokusebenza yensimbi ibe nezakhiwo zemishini ezidingekayo, izakhiwo zomzimba kanye nezakhiwo zamakhemikhali, ngaphezu kokukhetha okunengqondo kwezinto kanye nenqubo ehlukahlukene yokubumba, inqubo yokwelapha ngokushisa ivame ukuba yinto ebalulekile. Insimbi iyinto esetshenziswa kakhulu embonini yemishini, inkimbinkimbi yesakhiwo sensimbi, ingalawulwa ngokwelashwa ngokushisa, ngakho-ke ukwelashwa ngokushisa kwensimbi okuqukethwe okuyinhloko kokwelashwa ngokushisa kwensimbi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-aluminium, ithusi, i-magnesium, i-titanium kanye nezinye izinhlobo ze-alloys nakho kungaba ukwelashwa ngokushisa ukushintsha izakhiwo zayo zemishini, zomzimba nezekhemikhali, ukuze kutholakale ukusebenza okuhlukile.
III.Tuyacubungula
Inqubo yokwelapha ukushisa ngokuvamile ihlanganisa ukufudumeza, ukubamba, ukupholisa izinqubo ezintathu, ngezinye izikhathi ukufudumeza nokupholisa izinqubo ezimbili kuphela. Lezi zinqubo zixhumene, azikwazi ukuphazanyiswa.
Ukushisa kungenye yezinqubo ezibalulekile zokwelashwa kokushisa. Ukwelashwa kokushisa ngensimbi ngezindlela eziningi zokushisa, okokuqala ukusetshenziswa kwamalahle namalahle njengomthombo wokushisa, ukusetshenziswa kwamuva kwamafutha oketshezi negesi. Ukusetshenziswa kukagesi kwenza ukushisa kube lula ukulawula, futhi kungabi nokungcola kwemvelo. Ukusetshenziswa kwale mithombo yokushisa kungashiswa ngqo, kodwa futhi ngosawoti oncibilikisiwe noma insimbi, kuya ezinhlayiyeni ezintantayo ukuze kushiswe ngokungaqondile.
Ukushisa kwensimbi, umsebenzi uvezwa emoyeni, i-oxidation, i-decarburization ivame ukwenzeka (okungukuthi, okuqukethwe kwekhabhoni engaphezulu kwezingxenye zensimbi kuyancishiswa), okunomthelela omubi kakhulu ezimpahleni ezingaphezulu kwezingxenye eziphathwe ngokushisa. Ngakho-ke, insimbi kufanele ibe semoyeni olawulwayo noma emoyeni ovikelayo, usawoti oncibilikisiwe kanye nokushisa kwe-vacuum, kodwa futhi nezindlela zokufaka noma zokupakisha ezitholakalayo zokushisa okuvikelayo.
Izinga lokushisa lokushisa lingenye yezindlela ezibalulekile zenqubo yokwelapha ukushisa, ukukhethwa nokulawulwa kwezinga lokushisa lokushisa, ukuqinisekisa ikhwalithi yokwelashwa kokushisa kwezinkinga eziyinhloko. Izinga lokushisa lokushisa liyahlukahluka ngezinto zensimbi eziphathwe kahle kanye nenhloso yokwelashwa kokushisa, kodwa ngokuvamile lifudunyezwa ngaphezu kwezinga lokushisa lokushintsha kwesigaba ukuze kutholakale inhlangano yokushisa okuphezulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuguqulwa kudinga isikhathi esithile, ngakho-ke lapho ubuso bensimbi bufinyelela izinga lokushisa lokushisa elidingekayo, kodwa futhi kufanele kugcinwe kuleli zinga lokushisa isikhathi esithile, ukuze amazinga okushisa angaphakathi nangaphandle ahambisane, ukuze ukuguqulwa kwesakhiwo esincane kuqedwe, okwaziwa ngokuthi isikhathi sokubamba. Ukusetshenziswa kokushisa okuphezulu kwamandla kanye nokwelashwa kokushisa komhlaba, izinga lokushisa lishesha kakhulu, ngokuvamile asikho isikhathi sokubamba, kuyilapho ukwelashwa kokushisa kwamakhemikhali kwesikhathi sokubamba kuvame ukuba isikhathi eside.
Ukupholisa futhi kuyisinyathelo esibalulekile enkambisweni yokwelashwa kokushisa, izindlela zokupholisa ngenxa yezinqubo ezahlukene, ikakhulukazi ukulawula izinga lokupholisa. Izinga lokupholisa elijwayelekile lihamba kancane, ukwenza izinga lokupholisa lijwayelekile lishesha, ukucima izinga lokupholisa kushesha. Kodwa futhi ngenxa yezinhlobo ezahlukene zensimbi futhi zinezidingo ezahlukene, njengensimbi eqinile emoyeni ingacinywa ngesilinganiso esifanayo sokupholisa njengokwenza kube njalo.
IV.Pukuhlukaniswa kwe-rocess
Inqubo yokwelapha ukushisa kwensimbi ingahlukaniswa cishe ibe ukwelashwa kokushisa okuphelele, ukwelashwa kokushisa komhlaba kanye nokwelashwa kokushisa kwamakhemikhali kwezigaba ezintathu. Ngokusho kwendlela yokushisa, izinga lokushisa lokushisa kanye nendlela yokupholisa yezinhlobo ezahlukene, isigaba ngasinye singahlukaniswa ngezinqubo eziningi ezahlukene zokwelashwa kokushisa. Insimbi efanayo esebenzisa izinqubo ezahlukene zokwelashwa kokushisa, ingathola izinhlangano ezahlukene, ngaleyo ndlela ibe nezakhiwo ezahlukene. Insimbi nensimbi yinsimbi esetshenziswa kakhulu embonini, futhi isakhiwo sensimbi esincane siyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, ngakho-ke kunezinhlobo ezahlukene zenqubo yokwelapha ukushisa kwensimbi.
Ukwelashwa kokushisa okuphelele kuwukushisa okuphelele kwento yokusebenza, bese kupholiswa ngesivinini esifanele, ukuze kutholakale inhlangano yensimbi edingekayo, ukuze kushintshwe izakhiwo zayo ezijwayelekile zenqubo yokwelashwa kokushisa kwensimbi. Ukwelashwa kokushisa okuphelele kwensimbi okuhlanganisa, okulungisa, okuqeda kanye nokulungisa izinqubo ezine eziyisisekelo.
Inqubo isho ukuthi:
Ukufakwa kwe-Annealing kungukuthi umsebenzi ushiswa ezingeni lokushisa elifanele, ngokuya ngezinto zokwakha kanye nosayizi womsebenzi kusetshenziswa isikhathi esihlukile sokubamba, bese upholiswa kancane kancane, inhloso ukwenza inhlangano yangaphakathi yensimbi ifinyelele noma isondele esimweni sokulingana, ukuthola ukusebenza okuhle kwenqubo kanye nokusebenza, noma ukucima okwengeziwe kwenhlangano yokulungiselela.
Ukulungisa ukuthi umsebenzi ushiswa ezingeni lokushisa elifanele ngemva kokupholisa emoyeni, umphumela wokulungisa ufana nokulungisa, kodwa ukuthola inhlangano enhle kakhulu, evame ukusetshenziswa ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kokusika kwezinto, kodwa futhi ngezinye izikhathi isetshenziselwa ezinye zezingxenye ezingafuni kakhulu njengokwelashwa kokushisa kokugcina.
Ukucima ugesi kusetshenziswa uketshezi olufudumalayo noluvikelayo, emanzini, uwoyela noma kwamanye usawoti angaphili, izixazululo zamanzi eziphilayo kanye nezinye izindlela zokucima ugesi ukuze kuphole ngokushesha. Ngemva kokucima ugesi, izingxenye zensimbi ziba lukhuni, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo ziba buthakathaka, ukuze kuqedwe ubuthakathaka ngesikhathi, ngokuvamile kuyadingeka ukupholisa ngesikhathi esifanele.
Ukuze kuncishiswe ubuthakathaka bezingxenye zensimbi, izingxenye zensimbi ezicishiwe ekushiseni okufanele okuphakeme kunokushisa kwegumbi futhi ziphansi kuno-650 ℃ isikhathi eside sokushisa, bese zipholiswa, le nqubo ibizwa ngokuthi i-tempering. I-Annealing, i-normalizing, i-quenching, i-tempering iyindlela yokwelapha ukushisa iyonke "emililweni emine", lapho i-quenching kanye ne-tempering kuhlobene kakhulu, okuvame ukusetshenziswa ngokubambisana, eyodwa ibalulekile. "Umlilo one" onemodi yokushisa nokupholisa yokushisa ehlukile, futhi wathuthukisa inqubo ehlukile yokwelapha ukushisa. Ukuze kutholakale izinga elithile lamandla nokuqina, i-quenching kanye ne-tempering emazingeni okushisa aphezulu kuhlanganiswe nenqubo, eyaziwa ngokuthi i-tempering. Ngemva kokuba ama-alloy athile ecishiwe ukuze akhe isisombululo esiqinile esigcwele kakhulu, agcinwa ekushiseni kwegumbi noma ekushiseni okuphakeme kancane okufanele isikhathi eside ukuze kuthuthukiswe ubulukhuni, amandla, noma amandla kagesi e-alloy. Inqubo enjalo yokwelapha ukushisa ibizwa ngokuthi ukwelashwa kokuguga.
Ukuguqulwa kokucubungula ingcindezi kanye nokwelashwa kokushisa kuhlanganiswe kahle futhi kuhlanganiswe eduze ukuze kufezwe, ukuze umsebenzi uthole amandla amahle kakhulu, ukuqina ngendlela eyaziwa ngokuthi ukwelashwa kokushisa kwe-deformation; esimweni esicindezelayo noma esingenawo umoya ekwelashweni kokushisa okwaziwa ngokuthi ukwelashwa kokushisa kwe-vacuum, okungenza ukuthi umsebenzi ungagcini nje ngokwenza ukuthi umsebenzi ungancibilikisi, ungasusi ushevu, ugcine ubuso bomsebenzi ngemuva kokwelashwa, kuthuthukise ukusebenza komsebenzi, kodwa futhi nange-ejenti ye-osmotic yokwelashwa kokushisa kwamakhemikhali.
Ukwelashwa kokushisa okungaphezulu kuwukushisa kuphela ungqimba olungaphezulu lwento yokusebenza ukuze kushintshwe izakhiwo zemishini yento yokusebenza ngaphandle kokudluliselwa kokushisa ngokweqile endaweni yokusebenza, ukusetshenziswa komthombo wokushisa kumele kube namandla aphezulu, okungukuthi, endaweni yeyunithi yento yokusebenza ukuze kunikezwe amandla okushisa amakhulu, ukuze ungqimba olungaphezulu lwento yokusebenza noma olusendaweni lube isikhathi esifushane noma ngokushesha ukuze lufinyelele amazinga okushisa aphezulu. Ukwelashwa kokushisa okungaphezulu kwezindlela eziyinhloko zokucima umlilo kanye nokwelashwa kokushisa kokungenisa, imithombo yokushisa evame ukusetshenziswa njenge-oxyacetylene noma i-oxypropane flame, i-induction current, i-laser kanye ne-electron beam.
Ukwelashwa ngokushisa kwamakhemikhali kuyinqubo yokwelashwa ngokushisa kwensimbi ngokushintsha ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali, ukuhlelwa kanye nezakhiwo zengqimba engaphezulu yento yokusebenza. Ukwelashwa ngokushisa kwamakhemikhali kuhlukile ekwelashweni ngokushisa okuphezulu ngoba okokuqala kushintsha ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali kwengqimba engaphezulu yento yokusebenza. Ukwelashwa ngokushisa kwamakhemikhali kubekwa endaweni yokusebenza equkethe ikhabhoni, imidiya kasawoti noma ezinye izinto zokuxuba zento ephakathi (igesi, uketshezi, okuqinile) ekufudumaleni, ekushiseni isikhathi eside, ukuze ungqimba olungaphezulu lwento yokusebenza lungene ku-carbon, i-nitrogen, i-boron ne-chromium nezinye izinto. Ngemva kokungena kwezinto, futhi ngezinye izikhathi ezinye izinqubo zokwelapha ngokushisa ezifana nokucima nokushisa. Izindlela eziyinhloko zokwelapha ngokushisa kwamakhemikhali ukufaka i-carburizing, i-nitriding, ukungena kwensimbi.
Ukwelashwa ngokushisa kungenye yezinqubo ezibalulekile enkambisweni yokukhiqiza izingxenye zemishini kanye nezikhunta. Ngokuvamile, kungaqinisekisa futhi kuthuthukise izakhiwo ezahlukahlukene zento yokusebenza, njengokumelana nokuguguleka, ukumelana nokugqwala. Kungaphinde kuthuthukise ukuhlelwa kwesikhala kanye nesimo sokucindezeleka, ukuze kube lula ukucubungula okuhlukahlukene okubandayo nokushisa.
Isibonelo: insimbi emhlophe ephonswe ngemuva kwesikhathi eside yokwelashwa kokuncibilikisa ingatholakala insimbi ephonswe ethambile, ithuthukise ipulasitiki; amagiya anenqubo efanele yokwelashwa kokushisa, impilo yesevisi ingaba ngaphezu kwezikhathi zamagiya aphathwa ngokushisa noma izikhathi eziningi; ngaphezu kwalokho, insimbi yekhabhoni engabizi kakhulu ngokungena kwezinto ezithile zokuhlanganisa inokusebenza kwensimbi ye-alloy ebizayo, ingathatha indawo yensimbi ethile engamelani nokushisa, insimbi engagqwali; isikhunta kanye nama-dies cishe konke kudinga ukudlula ekwelashweni kokushisa. Kungasetshenziswa kuphela ngemva kokwelashwa kokushisa.
Izindlela ezengeziwe
I. Izinhlobo zokufaka i-annealing
I-Annealing inqubo yokwelapha ukushisa lapho umsebenzi ushiswa khona ezingeni lokushisa elifanele, ugcinwe isikhathi esithile, bese uphola kancane kancane.
Kunezinhlobo eziningi zenqubo yokubopha insimbi, ngokusho kwezinga lokushisa lokushisa, ingahlukaniswa ngezigaba ezimbili: eyodwa isezingeni lokushisa elibucayi (i-Ac1 noma i-Ac3) ngaphezu kwe-annealing, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-phase change recrystallization annealing, okuhlanganisa i-complete annealing, i-incomplete annealing, i-spheroidal annealing kanye ne-diffusion annealing (i-homogenization annealing), njll.; enye ingaphansi kwezinga lokushisa elibucayi le-annealing, okuhlanganisa i-recrystallization annealing kanye ne-de-stressing annealing, njll. Ngokwendlela yokupholisa, i-annealing ingahlukaniswa ibe yi-isothermal annealing kanye ne-continuous cooling annealing.
1, ukunamathisela okuphelele kanye nokunamathisela okungabonakali kwe-isothermal
Ukufuthwa okuphelele, okwaziwa nangokuthi ukufuthwa kabusha kwe-crystallization, okuvame ukubizwa ngokuthi ukufuthwa, kuyinsimbi noma insimbi eshiswa ku-Ac3 ngaphezu kwama-20 ~ 30 ℃, ukufudumala isikhathi eside ngokwanele ukwenza inhlangano ikwazi ukufuthwa ngokuphelele ngemva kokupholisa kancane, ukuze kutholakale ukuhlelwa okulinganayo kwenqubo yokwelapha ukushisa. Lokhu kufuthwa kusetshenziselwa kakhulu ukwakheka kwe-sub-eutectic kwezinto ezahlukahlukene ze-carbon kanye ne-alloy steel castings, ama-forgings kanye namaphrofayili ashunqisiwe, futhi ngezinye izikhathi kusetshenziselwa nezakhiwo ezihlanganisiwe. Ngokuvamile kuvame ukuba yinani lezinto zokusebenza ezisindayo zokwelashwa kokushisa kokugcina, noma njengokwelashwa kwangaphambi kokushisa kwezinye izinto zokusebenza.
2, ukunamathisela ibhola
I-spheroidal annealing isetshenziswa kakhulu ensimbini yekhabhoni eningi kakhulu kanye nensimbi yamathuluzi e-alloy (njengokwenziwa kwamathuluzi asemaceleni, ama-gauge, ama-mold kanye nama-dies asetshenziswa ensimbini). Inhloso yayo eyinhloko ukunciphisa ubulukhuni, ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kwemishini, nokulungiselela ukucima kwesikhathi esizayo.
3, ukucindezela kokunciphisa ukucindezeleka
Ukunciphisa ukucindezeleka, okwaziwa nangokuthi ukucindezela okuphansi (noma ukucindezela okuphezulu), lokhu kucindezela kusetshenziselwa kakhulu ukususa ukuphonswa, ukuphonswa, ukushintshwa, izingxenye ezigoqwe ngokushisa, izingxenye ezidonswa kubanda kanye nokunye ukucindezeleka okusele. Uma lokhu kucindezeleka kungasuswa, kuzobangela insimbi ngemva kwesikhathi esithile, noma enkambisweni yokusika elandelayo ukuthi ikhiqize ukuguquguquka noma imifantu.
4. Ukunamathisela okungaphelele kuwukushisa insimbi ku-Ac1 ~ Ac3 (insimbi engaphansi kwe-eutectic) noma ku-Ac1 ~ ACcm (insimbi engaphezu kwe-eutectic) phakathi kokulondolozwa kokushisa nokupholisa kancane ukuze kutholakale ukuhleleka okulinganiselayo kwenqubo yokwelapha ukushisa.
II.ukucima, indlela yokupholisa evame ukusetshenziswa kakhulu yi-brine, amanzi kanye namafutha.
Ukucima amanzi anosawoti kwento yokusebenza, kulula ukuthola ubulukhuni obuphezulu kanye nobuso obubushelelezi, akulula ukukhiqiza ukucima hhayi indawo ethambile eqinile, kodwa kulula ukwenza ukuguquguquka kwento yokusebenza kukhulu, futhi kuyaqhekeka. Ukusetshenziswa kwamafutha njengendlela yokucima kufaneleka kuphela ekuzinzeni kwe-austenite epholile kakhulu, inkulu kakhulu ensimbini ethile ye-alloy noma encane yensimbi yekhabhoni yokucima i-workpiece.
III.inhloso yokushisa insimbi
1, ukunciphisa ukuphuka, ukususa noma ukunciphisa ukucindezeleka kwangaphakathi, ukucima insimbi kukhona ukucindezeleka okukhulu kwangaphakathi kanye nokuphuka, njengokuthi ukungashisi ngesikhathi kuzokwenza insimbi iguquke noma iqhekeke.
2, ukuze uthole izakhiwo ezidingekayo zemishini yento yokusebenza, into yokusebenza ngemva kokuqeda ubulukhuni obuphezulu kanye nokuqhekeka, ukuze uhlangabezane nezidingo zezakhiwo ezahlukene zezinhlobo ezahlukene zento yokusebenza, ungalungisa ubulukhuni ngokusebenzisa i-tempering efanele ukuze unciphise ukuqhekeka kobulukhuni obudingekayo, i-plasticity.
3. Qinisa usayizi womsebenzi
4, ngoba izinsimbi ezithile ze-alloy annealing kunzima ukuzithambisa, zivame ukusetshenziswa ngemuva kokushisa okuphezulu (noma ukuzivumelanisa nezimo), ukuze i-carbon steel ihlanganiswe kahle, ubulukhuni buzoncishiswa, ukuze kube lula ukusika nokucubungula.
Imiqondo eyengeziwe
1, ukunamathisela: kubhekisela ezintweni zensimbi ezishiswa ekushiseni okufanele, zigcinwe isikhathi esithile, bese zipholiswa kancane kancane inqubo yokwelapha ukushisa. Izinqubo ezivamile zokunamathisela yilezi: ukunamathisela kabusha kwe-crystallization, ukunamathisela kokukhululeka ekucindezelekeni, ukunamathisela kwe-spheroidal, ukunamathisela okuphelele, njll. Inhloso yokunamathisela: ikakhulukazi ukunciphisa ubulukhuni bezinto zensimbi, ukuthuthukisa i-plasticity, ukuze kube lula ukusika noma ukucutshungulwa kwengcindezi, ukunciphisa ukucindezeleka okusele, ukuthuthukisa ukuhlelwa kanye nokwakheka kwe-homogenization, noma ukwelashwa kokushisa kokugcina ukuze kwenziwe inhlangano ilungele.
2, ukuvuselela: kubhekisela ensimbini noma ensimbini eshiswayo noma (ensimbini esezingeni lokushisa elibucayi) ngenhla, 30 ~ 50 ℃ ukuze kugcinwe isikhathi esifanele, kuphole enkambisweni yokwelapha ukushisa emoyeni onganyakazi. Inhloso yokuvuselela: ikakhulukazi ukuthuthukisa izakhiwo zemishini zensimbi ephansi yekhabhoni, ukuthuthukisa ukusika kanye nokusebenza kahle, ukuhluzwa kokusanhlamvu, ukususa amaphutha enhlangano, ukuze ukwelashwa kokushisa kokugcina kulungiselele inhlangano.
3, ukucima: kubhekisela ensimbini eshiswa yi-Ac3 noma i-Ac1 (insimbi engaphansi kwephuzu elibalulekile lokushisa) ngaphezu kokushisa okuthile, gcina isikhathi esithile, bese kuba nesilinganiso sokupholisa esifanele, ukuthola ukuhlelwa kwe-martensite (noma i-bainite) kwenqubo yokwelapha ukushisa. Izinqubo ezivamile zokucima ukucima ukucima okuphakathi nendawo, ukucima okuphakathi nendawo okubili, ukucima i-martensite, ukucima isothermal kwe-bainite, ukucima ubuso kanye nokucima kwendawo. Inhloso yokucima: ukuze izingxenye zensimbi zithole ukuhlelwa kwe-martensitic okudingekayo, kuthuthukiswe ubulukhuni bomsebenzi, amandla kanye nokumelana nokuklwebheka, ukuze ukwelashwa kokushisa kokugcina kulungiselele kahle inhlangano.
4, ukufudumala: kubhekisela ensimbini eqinile, bese ishiswa ibe ngaphansi kwe-Ac1, isikhathi sokubamba, bese ipholiswa ibe yinqubo yokwelapha ukushisa kwegumbi lokushisa. Izinqubo ezivamile zokufudumala yilezi: ukushisa okuphansi, ukushisa okuphakathi, ukushisa okuphezulu kanye nokushisa okuningi.
Inhloso yokulinganisela: ikakhulukazi ukususa ukucindezeleka okubangelwa yinsimbi ekucimeni, ukuze insimbi ibe nobunzima obukhulu kanye nokumelana nokuguguleka, futhi ibe nokuqina nokuqina okudingekayo.
5, ukufudumala: kubhekisela ensimbini noma ensimbini yokucima kanye nokushisa okuphezulu kwenqubo yokwelapha ukushisa okuhlanganisiwe. Kusetshenziswa ekwelapheni ukufudumala kwensimbi ebizwa ngokuthi insimbi efudumele. Ngokuvamile kubhekisela ensimbini yesakhiwo sekhabhoni ephakathi nendawo kanye nensimbi yesakhiwo se-carbon alloy ephakathi nendawo.
6, i-carburizing: i-carburizing inqubo yokwenza ama-athomu e-carbon angene engqimbeni engaphezulu yensimbi. Futhi ukwenza i-workpiece yensimbi ephansi ene-carbon ephansi ibe nengqimba engaphezulu yensimbi ephansi ene-carbon eningi, bese kuthi ngemva kokucima kanye nokushisa okuphansi, ukuze ingqimba engaphezulu ye-workpiece ibe nobunzima obukhulu kanye nokumelana nokuguguleka, kuyilapho ingxenye ephakathi ye-workpiece isagcina ukuqina kanye nokuqina kwensimbi ephansi ene-carbon eningi.
Indlela yokuhlanza
Ngenxa yokuthi imisebenzi yokushisa nokupholisa yezinsimbi zensimbi idinga izenzo eziyishumi nambili noma ngisho namashumi amabili ukuze iqedwe. Lezi zenzo zenziwa ngaphakathi kwesithando sokushisa se-vacuum, umqhubi akakwazi ukusondela, ngakho-ke izinga lokuzenzakalela kwesithando sokushisa se-vacuum liyadingeka libe phezulu. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ezinye izenzo, njengokushisa nokubamba ukuphela kwenqubo yokucima izinsimbi zensimbi kufanele kube yizenzo eziyisithupha, eziyisikhombisa futhi ziqedwe zingakapheli imizuzwana eyi-15. Izimo ezinjalo ezisheshayo zokuqeda izenzo eziningi, kulula ukubangela ukwethuka komqhubi futhi zenze ukusebenza kabi. Ngakho-ke, izinga eliphezulu lokuzenzakalela kuphela elingaba ukuhlanganiswa okunembile, okufika ngesikhathi ngokuhambisana nohlelo.
Ukwelashwa ngokushisa kwezingxenye zensimbi nge-vacuum kwenziwa esithandweni somoya esivaliwe, ukuvalwa okuqinile kwe-vacuum kwaziwa kahle. Ngakho-ke, ukuthola nokunamathela esilinganisweni sokuqala sokuvuza komoya kwesithando, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi i-vacuum esebenzayo yesithando somoya, ukuqinisekisa ikhwalithi yezingxenye ukwelashwa ngokushisa kwe-vacuum kubaluleke kakhulu. Ngakho-ke inkinga ebalulekile yesithando somoya esivaliwe ukuba nesakhiwo sokuvala i-vacuum esithembekile. Ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukusebenza kwe-vacuum kwesithando somoya, ukwakheka kwesakhiwo sesithando somoya kumele kulandele isimiso esiyisisekelo, okungukuthi, umzimba wesithando usebenzise ukushisela okungenagesi, kuyilapho umzimba wesithando ungenakuvula imbobo, unciphise noma ugweme ukusetshenziswa kwesakhiwo sokuvala esinamandla, ukuze kuncishiswe ithuba lokuvuza kwe-vacuum. Ifakwe ezingxenyeni zomzimba wesithando somoya, izesekeli, njenge-electrodes ezipholiswe ngamanzi, idivayisi yokuthumela i-thermocouple kumele futhi yakhelwe ukuvala isakhiwo.
Izinto eziningi zokushisa nokuvikela zingasetshenziswa kuphela ngaphansi kwe-vacuum. Ukwelashwa kokushisa kwe-vacuum isithando sokushisa kanye nokufakwa kokushisa kungaphakathi kwe-vacuum futhi kusebenza ekushiseni okuphezulu, ngakho-ke lezi zinto zibeka phambili ukumelana nokushisa okuphezulu, imiphumela yemisebe, ukuqhuba kokushisa kanye nezinye izidingo. Izidingo zokumelana nokushiswa kwe-oxidation aziphezulu. Ngakho-ke, isithando sokushisa se-vacuum sisetshenziswa kabanzi njenge-tantalum, i-tungsten, i-molybdenum kanye ne-graphite yokushisa kanye nezinto zokuvikela ukushisa. Lezi zinto kulula kakhulu ukuzivimba esimweni somoya, ngakho-ke, isithando sokushisa esivamile asikwazi ukusebenzisa lezi zinto zokushisa kanye nokuvikela ukushisa.
Idivayisi epholiswe ngamanzi: igobolondo lesithando sokwelapha ukushisa nge-vacuum, isembozo sesithando, izinto zokushisa zikagesi, ama-electrode apholiswe ngamanzi, umnyango wokushisa we-vacuum ophakathi kanye nezinye izingxenye, zise-vacuum, ngaphansi kwesimo somsebenzi wokushisa. Ukusebenza ngaphansi kwezimo ezinjalo ezingathandeki kakhulu, kumele kuqinisekiswe ukuthi isakhiwo sengxenye ngayinye asiguquki noma sonakele, futhi uphawu lwe-vacuum alushiswa ngokweqile noma lushiswe. Ngakho-ke, ingxenye ngayinye kufanele isethwe ngokwezimo ezahlukene amadivayisi okupholisa amanzi ukuqinisekisa ukuthi isithando sokwelapha ukushisa nge-vacuum singasebenza ngokujwayelekile futhi sibe nesikhathi esanele sokusetshenziswa.
Ukusetshenziswa kwesitsha se-vacuum esine-voltage ephezulu: isitsha se-vacuum, lapho izinga le-vacuum vacuum liphansi kakhulu, isitsha se-vacuum somqhubi onikwe amandla ku-voltage ephezulu, kuzokhiqiza ukukhishwa kokukhanya. Esithandweni sokwelashwa kokushisa kwe-vacuum, ukukhishwa okukhulu kwe-arc kuzoshisa i-element yokushisa kagesi, ungqimba lokufakelwa, okubangela izingozi ezinkulu kanye nokulahlekelwa. Ngakho-ke, i-vacuum heat treatment electric heat element voltage yokusebenza ngokuvamile ayidluli ku-80 kuya ku-100 volts. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ekwakhiweni kwesakhiwo se-element yokushisa kagesi, ukuthatha izinyathelo ezisebenzayo, njengokuzama ukugwema ukuba nengxenye yezingxenye, i-electrode space phakathi kwama-electrode ayikwazi ukuba ncane kakhulu, ukuze kuvinjelwe ukukhiqizwa kokukhishwa kokukhanya noma ukukhishwa kwe-arc.
Ukulinganisela
Ngokuya ngezidingo zokusebenza ezahlukene ze-workpiece, ngokuya ngamazinga okushisa ahlukene okushisa, ingahlukaniswa ngezinhlobo ezilandelayo zokushisa:
(a) ukushisa okuphansi (ama-degree angu-150-250)
Ukushisa okuphansi kwenhlangano ephumayo ye-martensite ethambile. Inhloso yayo ukugcina ubulukhuni obuphezulu kanye nokumelana nokuguguleka okuphezulu kwensimbi ecinyiwe ngaphansi kwesisekelo sokunciphisa ukucindezeleka kwayo kwangaphakathi kanye nokuqhekeka, ukuze kugwenywe ukuqhekeka noma ukulimala kwangaphambi kwesikhathi ngesikhathi sokusetshenziswa. Isetshenziswa kakhulu kumathuluzi ahlukahlukene okusika anekhabhoni ephezulu, ama-gauge, ama-dies adonswa ngokubandayo, ama-rolling bearings kanye nezingxenye ze-carburized, njll., ngemuva kokushisa ubulukhuni ngokuvamile buyi-HRC58-64.
(ii) ukushisa okuphakathi (ama-degree angu-250-500)
Inhlangano yokushisa okuphakathi nendawo yomzimba we-quartz othambile. Inhloso yayo ukuthola amandla aphezulu okukhiqiza, umkhawulo wokunwebeka kanye nokuqina okuphezulu. Ngakho-ke, isetshenziswa kakhulu eziphethwini ezahlukahlukene kanye nokucubungula isikhunta somsebenzi oshisayo, ubunzima bokushisa ngokuvamile buyi-HRC35-50.
(C) ukushisa okuphezulu (ama-degree angu-500-650)
Ukushisa okuphezulu kwenhlangano ye-Sohnite ethambile. Ukushisa okujwayelekile kanye nokushisa okuphezulu ukwelashwa okuhlanganisiwe kokushisa okwaziwa ngokuthi ukwelashwa kokushisa, inhloso yako ukuthola amandla, ubulukhuni kanye ne-plasticity, ukuqina kuyizakhiwo ezingcono kakhulu zemishini. Ngakho-ke, kusetshenziswa kabanzi ezimotweni, ogandaganda, amathuluzi omshini nakwezinye izingxenye ezibalulekile zesakhiwo, njengezinduku zokuxhuma, amabhawodi, amagiya kanye nemishayo. Ubulukhuni ngemva kokushisa ngokuvamile buyi-HB200-330.
Ukuvimbela ukuguqulwa kwesimo
Izimbangela zokuguqulwa kwesikhunta okuyinkimbinkimbi ngokunemba zivame ukuba yinkimbinkimbi, kodwa simane nje siwazi kahle umthetho waso wokuguqulwa, sihlaziye izimbangela zawo, sisebenzisa izindlela ezahlukene zokuvimbela ukuguqulwa kwesikhunta sikwazi ukunciphisa, kodwa futhi sikwazi ukulawula. Ngokuvamile, ukwelashwa ngokushisa kokuguqulwa kwesikhunta okuyinkimbinkimbi ngokunemba kungathatha izindlela ezilandelayo zokuvimbela.
(1) Ukukhetha izinto ezinengqondo. Izinhlobo zesikhunta eziyinkimbinkimbi kufanele zikhethwe njengezinto ezinhle ze-microdeformation mold steel (njengensimbi yokucima umoya), ukuhlukaniswa kwe-carbide yensimbi yesikhunta esingathi sína kufanele kube nokwelashwa kokushisa okufanelekile kokwakha nokushisa, insimbi yesikhunta enkulu futhi ayikwazi ukwakhiwa ingaba yisisombululo esiqinile sokwelashwa kokushisa okuphindwe kabili.
(2) Ukwakheka kwesakhiwo sesikhunta kufanele kube okunengqondo, ukujiya akufanele kube okuhlukile kakhulu, ukuma kufanele kube okulinganayo, ukuze ukuguqulwa kwesikhunta esikhulu kube nekhono lokulawula umthetho wokuguqulwa, imvume yokucubungula egodliwe, ukuze isikhunta esikhulu, esinembile nesiyinkimbinkimbi singasetshenziswa ekuhlanganiseni izakhiwo.
(3) Ubuchwepheshe bokubumba obunembile nobuyinkimbinkimbi kufanele bube ukwelashwa kokushisa kwangaphambi kokushisa ukuze kuqedwe ukucindezeleka okusele okubangelwa inqubo yokugaya.
(4) Ukukhetha okunengqondo kokushisa, lawula isivinini sokushisa, ukuze kube nokunemba okuyinkimbinkimbi, isikhunta esiyinkimbinkimbi singathatha ukushisa okuhamba kancane, ukushisa kwangaphambili kanye nezinye izindlela zokushisa ezilinganiselayo ukunciphisa ukuguqulwa kokwelashwa kokushisa kwesikhunta.
(5) Ngaphansi kwesisekelo sokuqinisekisa ubulukhuni besikhunta, zama ukusebenzisa inqubo yokupholisa ngaphambi kokupholisa, ukucima ukupholisa okulinganisiwe noma inqubo yokucima izinga lokushisa.
(6) Ukuze uthole isikhunta esinembile nesiyinkimbinkimbi, ngaphansi kwemibandela evumelekile, zama ukusebenzisa i-vacuum heating quenching kanye nokwelashwa kokupholisa okujulile ngemva kokucima.
(7) Ukuze uthole ezinye izikhunta ezinembile neziyinkimbinkimbi, kungasetshenziswa ukwelashwa kokushisa kwangaphambi kokushisa, ukwelashwa kokushisa okuguga, ukwelashwa kokushisa kwe-nitriding ukulawula ukunemba kwesikhunta.
(8) Ekulungiseni imigodi yesihlabathi sesikhunta, ukubhoboka, ukuguguleka kanye nezinye izinkinga, ukusetshenziswa komshini wokushisela obandayo kanye neminye imiphumela yokushisa kwemishini yokulungisa ukuze kugwenywe inqubo yokulungisa yokuguquguquka.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukusebenza kwenqubo efanele yokwelapha ukushisa (njengokufaka imigodi, imigodi eboshiwe, ukuqinisa ngomshini, izindlela ezifanele zokushisa, ukukhetha okufanele indlela yokupholisa yesikhunta kanye nendlela yokunyakaza endaweni yokupholisa, njll.) kanye nenqubo efanele yokwelapha ukushisa ngokushisa ukunciphisa ukuguquguquka kokunemba kanye nesikhunta esiyinkimbinkimbi nakho kuyizinyathelo ezisebenzayo.
Ukwelashwa kokushisa kokuvala ubuso nokushisa okuvamise ukwenziwa ngokufudumeza kokufakwa noma ngokushisa ilangabi. Amapharamitha obuchwepheshe ayinhloko ubulukhuni bendawo, ubulukhuni bendawo kanye nokujula kwengqimba yokuqinisa okusebenzayo. Ukuhlolwa kokuqina kungasetshenziswa umhloli wokuqina we-Vickers, kungasetshenziswa futhi i-Rockwell noma umhloli wokuqina we-surface Rockwell. Ukukhetha amandla okuhlola (isikali) kuhlobene nokujula kwengqimba eqinile ephumelelayo kanye nobulukhuni bobuso bento yokusebenza. Kunezinhlobo ezintathu zabahloli bokuqina lapha.
Okokuqala, isihloli sokuqina kwe-Vickers siyindlela ebalulekile yokuhlola ubulukhuni bomphezulu wezinto zokusebenza eziphathwa ngokushisa, singakhethwa kusuka ku-0.5 kuya ku-100kg wamandla okuhlola, sivivinye ungqimba lokuqina komphezulu oluncane njengobukhulu obungu-0.05mm, futhi ukunemba kwalo kuphakeme kakhulu, futhi singahlukanisa umehluko omncane ebulukhunini bomphezulu wezinto zokusebenza eziphathwa ngokushisa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukujula kwengqimba eqinile esebenzayo kufanele futhi kutholwe ngumhloli wokuqina kwe-Vickers, ngakho-ke ekucubungulweni kokwelashwa kokushisa komphezulu noma inani elikhulu lamayunithi asebenzisa isihloli sokushisa komphezulu, esifakwe isihloli sokuqina kwe-Vickers kuyadingeka.
Okwesibili, umhloli wobulukhuni be-surface Rockwell ufanelekile kakhulu ekuhloleni ubulukhuni be-surface hardpiece, umhloli wobulukhuni be-surface Rockwell unezilinganiso ezintathu ongakhetha kuzo. Ungahlola ukujula kobulukhuni okusebenzayo okungaphezu kuka-0.1mm kwe-surface hardpiece ehlukahlukene. Nakuba ukunemba komhloli wobulukhuni be-surface Rockwell kungeyona ephezulu njenge-Vickers hardness tester, kodwa njengokuphathwa kwekhwalithi yesitshalo sokwelapha ukushisa kanye nezindlela zokuhlola ezifanelekile zokuthola, ukwazile ukuhlangabezana nezidingo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, futhi inokusebenza okulula, okulula ukuyisebenzisa, intengo ephansi, ukulinganisa okusheshayo, ingafunda ngqo inani lobulukhuni kanye nezinye izici, ukusetshenziswa komhloli wobulukhuni be-surface Rockwell kungaba yiqoqo le-surface heat treatment workpiece yokuhlolwa okusheshayo nokungonakalisi isiqephu ngesiqephu. Lokhu kubalulekile esitshalweni sokucubungula insimbi kanye nokukhiqiza imishini.
Okwesithathu, lapho ungqimba oluqinisiwe lokwelashwa kokushisa kobuso lukhulu, lungasetshenziswa futhi njengesihloli sokuqina kwe-Rockwell. Lapho ungqimba oluqinisiwe lokwelashwa kokushisa luyi-0.4 ~ 0.8mm, lungasetshenziswa isikali se-HRA, lapho ungqimba oluqinisiwe longaphezu kuka-0.8mm, lungasetshenziswa isikali se-HRC.
Izinhlobo ezintathu zamanani obulukhuni ze-Vickers, Rockwell kanye ne-surface Rockwell zingaguqulwa kalula zibe zodwa, ziguqulwe zibe zejwayelekile, imidwebo noma umsebenzisi udinga inani lobulukhuni. Amathebula okuguqulwa ahambisanayo anikezwe ku-ISO yezinga lomhlaba wonke, i-ASTM yezinga laseMelika kanye ne-GB/T yezinga laseShayina.
Ukuqina kwendawo
Izingxenye uma izidingo zobunzima bendawo ziphakeme, zitholakala ngokushisa kokungeniswa kanye nezinye izindlela zokwelashwa kokushisa kwendawo, izingxenye ezinjalo zivame ukumaka indawo yokwelashwa kokushisa kwendawo kanye nenani lobunzima bendawo emidwebweni. Ukuhlolwa kokuqina kwezingxenye kufanele kwenziwe endaweni eqokiwe. Izinsimbi zokuhlola ubulukhuni zingasetshenziswa umhloli wobulukhuni weRockwell, inani lobunzima be-HRC lokuhlola, njengokwelashwa kokushisa ungqimba lokuqina alujulile, lungasetshenziswa umhloli wobulukhuni weRockwell, inani lobunzima be-HRN lokuhlola.
Ukwelashwa ngokushisa kwamakhemikhali
Ukwelashwa ngokushisa ngamakhemikhali ukwenza ubuso bento yokusebenza bungene engxenyeni eyodwa noma eziningana zamakhemikhali zama-athomu, ukuze kushintshwe ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali, ukuhlelwa kanye nokusebenza kobuso bento yokusebenza. Ngemva kokucima kanye nokushisa okuphansi, ubuso bento yokusebenza bunobulukhuni obuphezulu, ukumelana nokuguguleka kanye namandla okukhathala okuthintana, kuyilapho umongo wento yokusebenza unobulukhuni obuphezulu.
Ngokusho okungenhla, ukutholwa nokuqoshwa kwezinga lokushisa enkambisweni yokwelashwa kokushisa kubaluleke kakhulu, futhi ukulawulwa kwezinga lokushisa okubi kunomthelela omkhulu kumkhiqizo. Ngakho-ke, ukutholwa kwezinga lokushisa kubaluleke kakhulu, ukuthambekela kwezinga lokushisa kuyo yonke inqubo nakho kubaluleke kakhulu, okuholela ekutheni inqubo yokwelashwa kokushisa kumele iqoshwe ekushintsheni kwezinga lokushisa, kungasiza ekuhlaziyweni kwedatha yesikhathi esizayo, kodwa futhi nokubona ukuthi yisiphi isikhathi izinga lokushisa elingahlangabezani nezidingo. Lokhu kuzodlala indima enkulu kakhulu ekuthuthukiseni ukwelashwa kokushisa esikhathini esizayo.
Izinqubo zokusebenza
1. Hlanza indawo yokusebenza, hlola ukuthi ugesi, izinsimbi zokulinganisa kanye nezinkinobho ezahlukene zivamile yini, nokuthi umthombo wamanzi ubushelelezi yini.
2. Abasebenzi kufanele bagqoke imishini yokuvikela abasebenzi emihle, kungenjalo kuzoba yingozi.
3, vula inkinobho yokudlulisa amandla okulawula jikelele, ngokuya ngezidingo zobuchwepheshe zezingxenye ezilinganiswe ngemishini zokwenyuka nokwehla kwezinga lokushisa, ukuze kwandiswe impilo yemishini nemishini ingashintshi.
4, ukunaka izinga lokushisa lesithando sokushisa kanye nokulawulwa kwesivinini sebhande le-mesh, kungaba yingcweti ezindinganisweni zokushisa ezidingekayo zezinto ezahlukene, ukuqinisekisa ubulukhuni bomsebenzi kanye nokuqondile kobuso kanye nongqimba lwe-oxidation, futhi wenze umsebenzi omuhle wokuphepha ngokungathi sína.
5. Ukuze unake izinga lokushisa lesithando sokushisa kanye nesivinini sebhande le-mesh, vula umoya wokukhipha umoya, ukuze umsebenzi wokusebenza ngemva kokushisa uhlangabezane nezidingo zekhwalithi.
6, emsebenzini kufanele unamathele eposini.
7, ukulungisa imishini yomlilo edingekayo, kanye nokujwayelana nezindlela zokusebenzisa nokulungisa.
8. Uma simisa umshini, kufanele sihlole ukuthi zonke izinkinobho zokulawula zisesimweni sokungasasebenzi, bese sivala inkinobho yokudlulisa yonke indawo.
Ukushisa ngokweqile
Kusukela emlonyeni onzima wezingxenye ezithwalayo ze-roller accessories kungabonakala ngemva kokushisa kakhulu kwesakhiwo se-microstructure. Kodwa ukuze kutholakale izinga eliqondile lokushisa kakhulu kumele kubhekwe isakhiwo se-microstructure. Uma enhlanganweni yokucima insimbi ye-GCr15 ibukeka njenge-martensite yenaliti eqinile, kuyinhlangano yokucima ukushisa kakhulu. Isizathu sokwakheka kokushisa ukushisa kungaba phezulu kakhulu noma ukushisa futhi isikhathi sokubamba side kakhulu sibangelwa uhla oluphelele lokushisa kakhulu; kungase futhi kube ngenxa yenhlangano yokuqala ye-band carbide engathi sína, endaweni ephansi yekhabhoni phakathi kwamabhande amabili ukwakha inaliti ye-martensite eqinile, okuholela ekushiseni kakhulu kwendawo. I-austenite esele enhlanganweni eshisiwe kakhulu iyanda, futhi ukuzinza kobukhulu kwehla. Ngenxa yokushisa kakhulu kwenhlangano yokucima, ikristalu yensimbi iqinile, okuzoholela ekunciphiseni ukuqina kwezingxenye, ukumelana nomthelela kuyancipha, futhi impilo yebhere nayo iyancipha. Ukushisa kakhulu kungabangela ngisho nokuqhekeka kokucima.
Ukushisa okungaphansi
Izinga lokushisa lokucima liphansi noma ukupholisa okubi kuzokhiqiza okungaphezu kwenhlangano ejwayelekile yeTorrhenite esakhiweni esincane, eyaziwa ngokuthi inhlangano yokushisa okungaphansi, okwenza ubulukhuni buwehle, ukumelana nokuguguleka kuncishiswe kakhulu, okuthinta impilo yezinsimbi zezingxenye ze-roller.
Ukucima imifantu
Izingxenye ezithwala ama-roller enkambisweni yokucisha nokupholisa ngenxa yokucindezeleka kwangaphakathi okwakhiwa imifantu ebizwa ngokuthi imifantu yokucisha. Izimbangela zale mifantu yilezi: ngenxa yokucisha izinga lokushisa lokushisa liphezulu kakhulu noma ukupholisa kushesha kakhulu, ukucindezeleka kokushisa kanye noshintsho lwevolumu yesisindo sensimbi ekuhleleni ukucindezeleka kukhulu kunamandla okuphuka kwensimbi; ubuso bomsebenzi bamaphutha okuqala (njengokuqhekeka kobuso noma imifantu) noma amaphutha angaphakathi ensimbini (njenge-slag, ukufakwa okungathi sína okungeyona insimbi, amabala amhlophe, insalela yokuncibilika, njll.) ekucimeni kokwakheka kokuhlushwa kokucindezeleka; ukuhlukaniswa okukhulu kobuso kanye nokuhlukaniswa kwe-Carbide; izingxenye ezicinyiwe ngemva kokushisa ukufinyeza okunganele noma okungafanele; ukucindezeleka okubandayo okubangelwa inqubo yangaphambilini kukhulu kakhulu, ukugoqa okwenziwe ngensimbi, ukusikeka okujulile, imiphetho ebukhali yamafutha njalo njalo. Ngamafuphi, imbangela yokucisha imifantu ingaba yinye noma ngaphezulu kwezici ezingenhla, ukuba khona kokucindezeleka kwangaphakathi kuyisizathu esiyinhloko sokwakheka kwemifantu yokucisha. Imifantu yokucisha imifantu ijulile futhi incane, ngokuqhekeka okuqondile futhi akukho mbala oxidized ebusweni obuphukile. Ngokuvamile kuba uqhekeko oluyisicaba olude noma uqhekeko oluyindilinga kukhola yokuthwala; ukuma kwebhola lensimbi yokuthwala kufana no-S, kufana no-T noma kufana nendilinga. Izici zokuhlela zokucima uqhekeko aziyona into yokususa ushevu ezinhlangothini zombili zoqhekeko, ebonakala ngokucacile emifantwini yokwakha kanye nemifantu yezinto ezibonakalayo.
Ukuguqulwa kokwelashwa kokushisa
Izingxenye ezithwala i-NACHI ekwelashweni kokushisa, kukhona ukucindezeleka kokushisa kanye nokucindezeleka kwenhlangano, lokhu kucindezeleka kwangaphakathi kungabekwa phezu komunye nomunye noma kuncishiswe kancane, kuyinkimbinkimbi futhi kuyaguquguquka, ngoba kungashintshwa ngokushisa okushisa, izinga lokushisa, imodi yokupholisa, izinga lokupholisa, ukuma nosayizi wezingxenye, ngakho-ke ukuguqulwa kokwelashwa kokushisa akunakugwenywa. Qaphela futhi uqonde umthetho kungenza ukuguqulwa kwezingxenye ezithwala (njenge-oval yekhola, usayizi phezulu, njll.) kubekwe ebangeni elilawulekayo, elihambisana nokukhiqizwa. Yiqiniso, enkambisweni yokwelashwa kokushisa kokushayisana kwemishini kuzokwenza futhi ukuguqulwa kwezingxenye, kodwa lokhu kuguqulwa kungasetshenziswa ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza ukuze kuncishiswe futhi kugwenywe.
Ukususwa kwekhabhoni ebusweni
Izesekeli ze-roller ezithwala izingxenye enkambisweni yokwelapha ukushisa, uma zishiswa endaweni yokuxova, ubuso buzoxova ukuze ingxenye ye-carbon mass yezingxenye incishiswe, okuholela ekuxoveni kwe-surface decarburization. Ukujula kwengqimba yokuxova i-surface decarburization okungaphezu kokucutshungulwa kokugcina kwenani lokugcinwa kuzokwenza izingxenye zisuswe. Ukunqunywa kokujula kwengqimba yokuxova i-surface decarburization ekuhlolweni kwe-metallographic kwendlela etholakalayo ye-metallographic kanye nendlela ye-microhardness. Ijika lokusabalalisa i-microhardness lengqimba engaphezulu lisekelwe endleleni yokulinganisa, futhi lingasetshenziswa njengenqubo yokuxazulula izinkinga.
Indawo ethambile
Ngenxa yokushisa okunganele, ukupholisa okubi, ukusebenza kokucima okubangelwa ubulukhuni obungafanele bomphezulu wezingxenye ze-roller bearing akwanele into eyaziwa ngokuthi ukucima indawo ethambile. Kufana nokuthi ukususwa kwekhabhoni kumphezulu kungabangela ukwehla okukhulu kokumelana nokuguguleka komphezulu kanye namandla okukhathala.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Disemba-05-2023