Ukwelashwa kokushisa kubhekisela enkambisweni yokushisa yensimbi lapho izinto zishiswa khona, zibanjwe futhi zipholile ngokushisa endaweni eqinile ukuze kutholwe inhlangano nezakhiwo ezifunwayo.
I. Ukwelashwa Kokushisa
I-1, I-Normalizing: izingcezu zensimbi noma zensimbi ezishiswe endaweni ebalulekile ye-AC3 noma i-ACM ngaphezu kwezinga lokushisa elifanele ukuze kugcinwe isikhathi esithile ngemva kokupholisa emoyeni, ukuthola uhlobo lwe-pearlitic lwenhlangano yenqubo yokwelapha ukushisa.
I-2, i-Annealing: i-eutectic steel workpiece eshiselwe ku-AC3 ngaphezu kwama-degree angu-20-40, ngemva kokubamba isikhathi esithile, nesithando somlilo sipholiswe kancane (noma sigqitshwe esihlabathini noma ekupholiseni komcako) kuya kuma-degree angu-500 ngaphansi kokupholisa emoyeni inqubo yokwelapha ukushisa.
I-3, Ukwelashwa kokushisa kwesisombululo esiqinile: ingxubevange ishiswa endaweni yokushisa ephezulu yesigaba esisodwa sokushisa okungaguquki ukuze igcinwe, ukuze isigaba eseqile sihlakazwe ngokuphelele sibe yisixazululo esiqinile, bese sipholiswa ngokushesha ukuze sithole inqubo yokwelapha ukushisa kwesisombululo esiqinile.
I-4, Ukuguga: Ngemva kokwelashwa kokushisa kwesisombululo esiqinile noma ukuguqulwa kwepulasitiki okubandayo kwe-alloy, lapho ibekwe ekamelweni lokushisa noma igcinwe endaweni yokushisa ephakeme kakhulu kunezinga lokushisa legumbi, isenzakalo sezindawo zayo ezishintshayo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
I-5, Ukwelashwa kwesisombululo esiqinile: ukuze ingxubevange ngezigaba ezihlukahlukene ichitheke ngokugcwele, iqinise isixazululo esiqinile futhi ithuthukise ukuqina nokumelana nokugqwala, iqede ukucindezeleka nokuthambisa, ukuze uqhubeke nokucubungula ukubunjwa.
6, Ukwelashwa kokuguga: ukushisa nokubamba izinga lokushisa kwezulu lesigaba sokuqinisa, ukuze imvula yesigaba sokuqinisa imvula, ibe lukhuni, ithuthukise amandla.
I-7, Ukucisha: i-steel austenitization ngemva kokupholisa ngenani elifanele lokupholisa, ukuze umsebenzi osesigabeni esiphambanayo sakho konke noma uhla oluthile lwesakhiwo senhlangano esingazinzile njengokuguqulwa kwe-martensite yenqubo yokwelapha ukushisa.
I-8, I-Tempering: i-workpiece ecishiwe izoshiswa endaweni ebucayi ye-AC1 ngaphansi kwezinga lokushisa elifanele isikhathi esithile, bese ipholiswa ngokuhambisana nezidingo zendlela, ukuze kutholwe inhlangano edingekayo kanye nezakhiwo zenqubo yokushisa ukushisa.
I-9, i-Steel carbonitriding: i-carbonitriding iwungqimba olungaphezulu lwensimbi ngesikhathi esifanayo ukungena kwekhabhoni nenqubo ye-nitrogen. I-carbonitriding evamile yaziwa nangokuthi i-cyanide, izinga lokushisa eliphakathi kwegesi carbonitriding kanye nezinga lokushisa eliphansi legesi carbonitriding (okungukuthi igesi nitrocarburizing) isetshenziswa kabanzi. Inhloso eyinhloko yokushisa okuphakathi kwegesi carbonitriding ukuthuthukisa ubulukhuni, ukumelana nokugqoka kanye namandla okukhathala kwensimbi. I-carbonitriding yegesi esezingeni eliphansi kuya ku-nitriding-based, inhloso yayo eyinhloko ukuthuthukisa ukumelana nokugqokwa kwensimbi nokumelana nokuluma.
I-10, Ukwelashwa kokufudumeza (ukucisha nokuthulisa): isiko elijwayelekile lizocishwa futhi lizoliswe emazingeni okushisa aphezulu kuhlanganiswe nokwelashwa okushisa okwaziwa ngokuthi ukuthambisa. Ukwelashwa kokuthulisa kusetshenziswa kabanzi ezingxenyeni ezihlukahlukene ezibalulekile zesakhiwo, ikakhulukazi lezo ezisebenza ngaphansi kwemithwalo eshintshanayo yezinduku zokuxhuma, amabhawodi, amagiya namashafti. Tempering ngemva ukwelashwa tempering ukuze uthole tempered sohnite inhlangano, izakhiwo zayo mechanical zingcono kunobulukhuni efanayo evamile sohnite inhlangano. Ukuqina kwayo kuncike ekushiseni okuphezulu kwezinga lokushisa nokuzinza kwensimbi kanye nosayizi wesigaba esiphambanayo somsebenzi, ngokuvamile phakathi kwe-HB200-350.
I-11, I-Brazing: nge-brazing material kuyoba izinhlobo ezimbili zokushisisa okuncibilika okuhlanganiswe ndawonye inqubo yokwelapha ukushisa.
II.Tizici zenqubo
Ukwelashwa kokushisa kwensimbi kungenye yezinqubo ezibalulekile ekukhiqizweni kwemishini, uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izinqubo zemishini, ukwelashwa kokushisa ngokuvamile akushintshi ukwakheka kwendawo yokusebenza kanye nokwakheka kwamakhemikhali sekukonke, kodwa ngokushintsha i-microstructure yangaphakathi ye-workpiece, noma ukuguqula ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali ebusweni be-workpiece, ukunikeza noma ukuthuthukisa ukusetshenziswa kwezinto zokusebenza. Ibonakala ngokuthuthuka kwekhwalithi yangaphakathi ye-workpiece, ngokuvamile engabonakali ngeso lenyama. Ukuze wenze i-workpiece yensimbi enezakhiwo ezidingekayo zemishini, izakhiwo zomzimba kanye nezakhiwo zamakhemikhali, ngaphezu kokukhethwa okunengqondo kwezinto kanye nenqubo ehlukahlukene yokubumba, inqubo yokwelapha ukushisa ngokuvamile ibalulekile. Insimbi yizinto ezisetshenziswa kakhulu embonini yemishini, i-steel microstructure complex, ingalawulwa ngokwelashwa kokushisa, ngakho-ke ukwelashwa kokushisa kwensimbi kungukuqukethwe okuyinhloko kokwelashwa kokushisa kwensimbi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-aluminium, ithusi, i-magnesium, i-titanium namanye ama-alloys nawo angaba ukwelashwa kokushisa ukuze ashintshe izakhiwo zawo zemishini, ngokomzimba namakhemikhali, ukuze athole ukusebenza okuhlukile.
III.Tuyacubungula
Inqubo yokwelapha ukushisa ngokuvamile ihlanganisa ukushisa, ukubamba, ukupholisa izinqubo ezintathu, ngezinye izikhathi ukufudumeza nokupholisa izinqubo ezimbili kuphela. Lezi zinqubo zixhunywe komunye nomunye, azikwazi ukuphazanyiswa.
Ukushisa kungenye yezinqubo ezibalulekile zokwelapha ukushisa. Ukwelashwa kokushisa kwensimbi kwezindlela eziningi zokushisa, okokuqala ukusetshenziswa kwamalahle namalahle njengomthombo wokushisa, ukusetshenziswa kwakamuva kwamafutha e-liquid negesi. Ukusetshenziswa kukagesi kwenza ukushisa kube lula ukulawula, futhi kungabikho ukungcoliswa kwemvelo. Ukusetshenziswa kwale mithombo yokushisa kungashiswa ngokuqondile, kodwa futhi ngosawoti oncibilikisiwe noma insimbi, kuya ezinhlayiyeni ezintantayo zokushisa okungaqondile.
Ukushisa kwensimbi, i-workpiece ivezwe emoyeni, i-oxidation, i-decarburization ngokuvamile ivela (okungukuthi, okuqukethwe kwekhabhoni engaphezulu kwezingxenye zensimbi zokunciphisa), okunomthelela omubi kakhulu ezindaweni ezingaphezulu zezingxenye eziphathwe ukushisa. Ngakho-ke, insimbi kufanele ibe semkhathini olawulwayo noma emkhathini ovikelayo, usawoti oncibilikisiwe kanye nokushisa kwe-vacuum, kodwa futhi ibe nezingubo ezitholakalayo noma izindlela zokupakisha zokushisa okuvikelekile.
Ukushisa okushisa kungenye yemingcele yenqubo ebalulekile yenqubo yokwelapha ukushisa, ukukhethwa nokulawula ukushisa okushisa, ukuqinisekisa ikhwalithi yokwelashwa kokushisa kwezindaba eziyinhloko. Izinga lokushisa lokushisa liyahlukahluka ngezinto zensimbi ezilashiwe kanye nenjongo yokwelapha ukushisa, kodwa ngokuvamile zishiswa ngaphezu kwezinga lokushisa lokushintsha kwesigaba ukuze zithole inhlangano yokushisa ephezulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuguqulwa kudinga isikhathi esithile, ngakho lapho ubuso bensimbi yokusebenza ukuze kufinyelele izinga lokushisa lokushisa elidingekayo, kodwa futhi kufanele kugcinwe kulokhu kushisa isikhathi esithile, ukuze amazinga okushisa angaphakathi nangaphandle ahambisane, ukuze ukuguqulwa kwe-microstructure kuqedwe, eyaziwa ngokuthi isikhathi sokubamba. Ukusetshenziswa kokushisa okukhulu kwamandla amakhulu kanye nokwelashwa kokushisa okungaphezulu, izinga lokushisa lishesha kakhulu, ngokuvamile asikho isikhathi sokubamba, kuyilapho ukwelashwa kokushisa ngamakhemikhali kwesikhathi sokubamba kuvame ukuba kude.
Ukupholisa kuyisinyathelo esibalulekile enqubweni yokwelapha ukushisa, izindlela zokupholisa ngenxa yezinqubo ezihlukene, ikakhulukazi ukulawula izinga lokupholisa. Izinga lokupholisa elivamile le-anneal lihamba kancane, ukwenza izinga lokupholisa libe lijwayelekile kuyashesha, ukucisha izinga lokupholisa kuyashesha. Kodwa futhi ngenxa yezinhlobo ezahlukene zensimbi futhi zinezidingo ezahlukene, ezifana nensimbi eqinile emoyeni ingacinywa ngesilinganiso sokupholisa esifanayo njengokujwayelekile.
IV.Pukuhlukaniswa kwe-rocess
Inqubo yokwelashwa kokushisa kwensimbi ingahlukaniswa cishe kukho konke ukwelashwa kokushisa, ukwelashwa kokushisa okungaphezulu kanye nokwelashwa kokushisa kwamakhemikhali kwezigaba ezintathu. Ngokusho komshini wokushisa, izinga lokushisa lokushisa kanye nendlela yokupholisa ehlukene, isigaba ngasinye singahlukaniswa sibe yizinqubo eziningi ezahlukene zokwelashwa kokushisa. Insimbi efanayo esebenzisa izinqubo ezahlukene zokwelashwa kokushisa, ingathola izinhlangano ezihlukene, ngaleyo ndlela ibe nezakhiwo ezahlukene. Insimbi nensimbi iyinsimbi esetshenziswa kakhulu embonini, futhi i-microstructure yensimbi nayo iyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, ngakho-ke kunezinhlobonhlobo zenqubo yokwelapha ukushisa kwensimbi.
Ukwelashwa kokushisa sekukonke ukushisisa okuphelele kwe-workpiece, bese kupholiswa ngenani elifanele, ukuze kutholwe inhlangano ye-metallurgical edingekayo, ukuze kuguqulwe izici zayo eziphelele zemishini yenqubo yokwelapha ukushisa kwensimbi. Ukwelashwa kokushisa sekukonke kwensimbi okucishe kube yi-annealing, normalizing, quenching kanye nokuthambisa izinqubo ezine eziyisisekelo.
Inqubo isho ukuthi:
I-Annealing iwucezu lokusebenza olushiselwa ezingeni lokushisa elifanele, ngokuya ngezinto kanye nosayizi we-workpiece kusetshenziswa isikhathi esihlukile sokubamba, bese sipholiswa kancane, inhloso ukwenza inhlangano yangaphakathi yensimbi ifinyelele noma isondele esimweni sokulingana, ukuthola ukusebenza okuhle kwenqubo nokusebenza, noma ukucisha okwengeziwe kwenhlangano yokulungiselela.
Normalizing is the workpiece is ukushisisa lokushisa ezifanele ngemva kokupholisa emoyeni, umphumela normalizing kufana annealing, kuphela ukuze uthole inhlangano ecolekileyo, ngokuvamile esetshenziselwa ukuthuthukisa ukusika ukusebenza impahla, kodwa futhi ngezinye izikhathi esetshenziselwa ezinye izingxenye kancane ngenkani njengendlela yokugcina ukushisa ukwelashwa.
I-Quenching iyona workpiece iyashisisa futhi ivalwe, emanzini, uwoyela noma amanye usawoti wezinto ezingaphili, izixazululo ze-aqueous eziphilayo kanye nokunye okucishayo ukuze kuphole ngokushesha. Ngemva kokucisha, izingxenye zensimbi ziba nzima, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo ziba brittle, ukuze kuqedwe ukukhwabanisa ngesikhathi esifanele, ngokuvamile kuyadingeka ukuthukuthela ngesikhathi esifanele.
Ukuze kuncishiswe ukuqina kwezingxenye zensimbi, izingxenye zensimbi ezicishiwe ezingeni lokushisa elifanele eliphakeme kunezinga lokushisa elingaphezu kwegumbi futhi lingaphansi kuka-650 ℃ isikhathi eside sokugquma, bese selipholisiwe, le nqubo ibizwa ngokuthi i-temering. I-Annealing, normalizing, quenching, tempering iyona ndlela yokwelashwa kokushisa "emililweni emine", lapho ukucisha kanye nokushisa kuhlobene eduze, okuvame ukusetshenziswa ngokuhambisana nomunye nomunye, eyodwa ibalulekile. "Imililo emine" enezinga lokushisa lokushisa nemodi yokupholisa ehlukile, futhi iguqule inqubo yokwelapha ukushisa ehlukile. Ukuze uthole izinga elithile lamandla nokuqina, ukucisha nokushisa emazingeni okushisa aphezulu kuhlanganiswe nenqubo, eyaziwa ngokuthi i-temering. Ngemva kokuba ama-alloy athile esecishiwe ukuze enze isixazululo esiqinile esine-supersaturated, agcinwa endaweni yokushisa yasekamelweni noma ezingeni lokushisa elithe ukuba phezulu elifanele isikhathi eside ukuze kuthuthukiswe ubulukhuni, amandla, noma uzibuthe kagesi wengxubevange. Inqubo enjalo yokwelapha ukushisa ibizwa ngokuthi ukwelashwa kokuguga.
Ingcindezi processing deformation kanye nokwelashwa ukushisa ngempumelelo futhi eduze kuhlangene ukuze afeze, ukuze workpiece ukuthola amandla amahle kakhulu, ukuqina kanye indlela eyaziwa ngokuthi deformation ukwelashwa ukushisa; endaweni yokucindezela okubi noma i-vacuum ekwelapheni ukushisa okwaziwa ngokuthi ukwelashwa kokushisa kwe-vacuum, okungeke nje kwenze ucezu lokusebenzela lungafaki i-oxidize, ungafaki i-decarburize, ugcine ingaphezulu le-workpiece ngemva kokwelashwa, uthuthukise ukusebenza kwe-workpiece, kodwa futhi ngokusebenzisa i-osmotic ejenti yokwelapha ukushisa kwamakhemikhali.
Ukwelashwa kokushisa okungaphezulu ukushisa kuphela ungqimba olungaphezulu lwesiqeshana sokusebenza ukuze kushintshwe izici zemishini zongqimba olungaphezulu lwenqubo yokwelapha ukushisa kwensimbi. Ukuze kushise kuphela ungqimba olungaphezulu lwe-workpiece ngaphandle kokudlulisa ukushisa ngokweqile endaweni yokusebenza, ukusetshenziswa komthombo wokushisa kufanele kube nokuminyana okukhulu kwamandla, okungukuthi, endaweni yeyunithi yesiqeshana sokusebenza ukuze kunikezwe amandla okushisa amakhulu, ukuze ungqimba olungaphezulu lwe-workpiece noma lwendawo lube isikhathi esifushane noma ngokushesha ukufinyelela amazinga okushisa aphezulu. Ukwelashwa kokushisa okungaphezulu kwezindlela eziyinhloko zokucisha ilangabi nokwelashwa kokushisa kokungenisa, imithombo yokushisa evame ukusetshenziswa njenge-oxyacetylene noma i-oxypropane flame, induction current, laser kanye ne-electron beam.
Ukwelashwa kokushisa kwamakhemikhali kuyinqubo yokwelapha ukushisa kwensimbi ngokushintsha ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali, inhlangano kanye nezakhiwo zengqimba engaphezulu ye-workpiece. Ukwelashwa kokushisa kwamakhemikhali kuyahluka ekwelashweni kokushisa okungaphezulu ngoba okokuqala kushintsha ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali kongqimba olungaphezulu lwengxenye yokusebenza. Ukwelashwa kokushisa kwamakhemikhali kufakwa endaweni yokusebenza equkethe i-carbon, imidiya kasawoti noma ezinye izakhi ze-alloying medium (igesi, uketshezi, okuqinile) ekushiseni, ukwahlukanisa isikhathi eside, ukuze ungqimba olungaphezulu lwe-workpiece yokungena kwekhabhoni, i-nitrogen, i-boron ne-chromium nezinye izakhi. Ngemuva kokungena kwezakhi, futhi ngezinye izikhathi ezinye izinqubo zokwelashwa kokushisa ezifana nokucisha nokushisa. Izindlela eziyinhloko zokwelapha ukushisa kwamakhemikhali yi-carburizing, i-nitriding, ukungena kwensimbi.
Ukwelashwa kokushisa kungenye yezinqubo ezibalulekile enqubweni yokukhiqiza izingxenye zemishini kanye nesikhunta. Ngokuvamile, ingaqinisekisa futhi ithuthukise izici ezihlukahlukene ze-workpiece, njengokumelana nokugqoka, ukumelana nokugqwala. Ingase futhi ithuthukise ukuhleleka kwesimo esingenalutho nesokucindezeleka, ukuze kube lula ukucutshungulwa okuhlukahlukene okubandayo nokushisayo.
Ngokwesibonelo: insimbi emhlophe cast emva kwesikhathi eside annealing ukwelashwa ingatholakala Malleable cast iron, ngcono plasticity; amagiya anenqubo efanele yokwelashwa kokushisa, impilo yesevisi ingaba izikhathi ezingaphezu kwezikhathi zamagiya aphethwe ukushisa noma izikhathi eziningi; ngaphezu kwalokho, insimbi ye-carbon steel engabizi ngokungena kwezakhi ezithile ze-alloying inokusebenza kwensimbi ebizayo ye-alloy, ingathatha indawo yensimbi engashisi, insimbi engagqwali; isikhunta futhi uyafa cishe zonke isidingo sidlule ukwelashwa ukushisa Ingasetshenziswa kuphela ngemva kokwelashwa ukushisa.
Izindlela zokwengeza
I. Izinhlobo zokuhushula
I-Annealing inqubo yokwelapha ukushisa lapho i-workpiece ishiselwa ezingeni lokushisa elifanele, ligcinwe isikhathi esithile, bese lipholiswa kancane.
Kunezinhlobo eziningi zenqubo yokuhlanganisa insimbi, ngokusho kwezinga lokushisa lokushisa lingahlukaniswa ngezigaba ezimbili: eyodwa isezingeni lokushisa elibucayi (i-Ac1 noma i-Ac3) ngaphezu kwe-annealing, eyaziwa nangokuthi ukuguqulwa kwe-recrystallization annealing, okuhlanganisa ukukhishwa okuphelele, ukukhishwa okungaphelele, ukukhishwa kwe-spheroidal kanye ne-diffusion annealing (homogenization), njll. enye ingaphansi kwezinga lokushisa elibucayi le-annealing, okuhlanganisa ukukhishwa kabusha kwe-annealing kanye nokukhipha ukucindezeleka, njll. Ngokwendlela yokupholisa, ukukhishwa kwe-anneal kungahlukaniswa kube ukudonsa okushisayo nokupholisa okuqhubekayo.
1, ukukhishwa kwe-anneal ephelele kanye ne-isothermal annealing
I-annealing ephelele, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-recrystallization annealing, ngokuvamile ebizwa ngokuthi i-annealing, insimbi noma insimbi eshiselwe ku-Ac3 ngaphezu kuka-20 ~ 30 ℃, ukwahlukanisa isikhathi eside ngokwanele ukwenza inhlangano iqinisekiswe ngokuphelele ngemva kokupholisa kancane, ukuze kutholwe inhlangano ecishe ilingane yenqubo yokwelapha ukushisa. Lokhu kuhlanganiswa kusetshenziselwa ikakhulukazi ukwakhiwa kwe-sub-eutectic yensimbi ehlukahlukene ye-carbon ne-alloy castings, ama-forging namaphrofayili agingqiwe ashisayo, futhi ngezinye izikhathi futhi asetshenziselwa izakhiwo ezishiselwe. Ngokuvamile njengenombolo yokwelashwa kokugcina ukushisa okungasindi kocwecwe, noma njengokwelashwa kwangaphambi kokushisa kwezinye izinto zokusebenza.
2, ukukhishwa kwebhola
I-Spheroidal annealing isetshenziselwa kakhulu i-over-eutectic carbon steel kanye ne-alloy tool steel (njengokwakhiwa kwamathuluzi abukhali, amageji, isikhunta nama-dies asetshenziswa ensimbi). Inhloso yayo eyinhloko ukunciphisa ubulukhuni, ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle, nokulungiselela ukucisha okuzayo.
3, i-stress annealing
I-annealing yokunciphisa ingcindezi, okwaziwa nangokuthi ukwehlisa izinga lokushisa eliphansi (noma izinga lokushisa eliphezulu), lokhu kufakwa kwe-annealing kusetshenziswa kakhulu ukuqeda ukulingwa, ama-forging, amashisela, izingxenye ezigoqelwe ngokushisayo, izingxenye ezidonswa ukubanda nokunye ukucindezeleka okusalayo. Uma lezi zingcindezi zingaqediwe, zizobangela insimbi ngemva kwesikhathi esithile, noma inqubo yokusika elandelayo ukukhiqiza i-deformation noma imifantu.
4. I-annealing engaphelele iwukushisa insimbi ibe yi-Ac1 ~ Ac3 (insimbi ye-sub-eutectic) noma i-Ac1 ~ ACcm (insimbi engaphezu kwe-eutectic) phakathi kokugcina ukushisa nokupholisa kancane ukuze kutholwe inhlangano ecishe ilingane yenqubo yokwelapha ukushisa.
II.i-quenching, indawo yokupholisa evame ukusetshenziswa kakhulu i-brine, amanzi namafutha.
Amanzi anosawoti acisha i-workpiece, kulula ukuthola ubulukhuni obuphezulu kanye nobuso obushelelezi, akulula ukukhiqiza ukucisha indawo ethambile eqinile, kodwa kulula ukwenza i-workpiece deformation ingathí sina, futhi ngisho nokuqhekeka. Ukusetshenziswa kwamafutha njengendlela yokucisha kufaneleka kuphela ukuzinza kwe-austenite epholile kakhulu kukhulu kwezinye insimbi ye-alloy noma usayizi omncane we-carbon steel workpiece quenching.
III.inhloso yokufudumeza insimbi
I-1, ukunciphisa i-brittleness, ukuqeda noma ukunciphisa ukucindezeleka kwangaphakathi, ukucisha insimbi kukhona ukucindezeleka okukhulu kwangaphakathi kanye nokuqina, okufana nokungabi nokushisa okufika ngesikhathi kuzokwenza i-deformation yensimbi noma ngisho nokuqhekeka.
I-2, ukuthola izakhiwo ezidingekayo zemishini ye-workpiece, i-workpiece ngemuva kokuqeda ubulukhuni obuphezulu kanye nokuqina, ukuze uhlangabezane nezidingo zezakhiwo ezihlukahlukene ze-workpieces, ungalungisa ubulukhuni ngokusebenzisa ukufudumala okufanele ukuze unciphise ukuqina kokuqina okudingekayo, ipulasitiki.
3, Zinzisa usayizi we-workpiece
I-4, i-annealing inzima ukuthambisa izinsimbi ezithile ze-alloy, ekucimeni (noma ukujwayelekile) kuvame ukusetshenziswa ngemuva kokushisa okuphezulu, ukuze i-steel carbide ihlanganise kahle, ubulukhuni buzoncishiswa, ukuze kube lula ukusika nokucubungula.
Imiqondo eyengeziwe
I-1, i-annealing: ibhekisela ezintweni zensimbi ezishisiswe ekushiseni okufanelekile, zigcinwe isikhathi esithile, bese zipholile kancane kancane inqubo yokwelapha ukushisa. Izinqubo ezivamile zokukhipha isisu yilezi: ukukhishwa kabusha kwe-annealing, ukukhishwa kwe-spheroidal annealing, annealing annealing, njll. Inhloso yokukhishwa kwe-annealing: ikakhulukazi ukunciphisa ubulukhuni bezinto zensimbi, ukuthuthukisa ipulasitiki, ukuze kube lula ukusika noma ukucindezelwa machining, ukunciphisa izingcindezi ezisele, ukuthuthukisa ukuhlelwa kanye nokwakhiwa kwe-homogenization ukuze kulungiswe ukushisa kwe-homogen.
I-2, normalizing: ibhekisela kunsimbi noma insimbi eshiselwe noma (insimbi endaweni ebucayi yokushisa) ngenhla, 30 ~ 50 ℃ ukugcina isikhathi esifanele, ukupholisa inqubo yokwelapha ukushisa komoya. Inhloso normalizing: ngokuyinhloko ukuthuthukisa izakhiwo mechanical of low carbon steel, ngcono ukusika kanye machinability, okusanhlamvu ukucolisiswa, ukuqeda amaphutha inhlangano, ngoba yokugcina ukushisa ukwelashwa ukulungiselela inhlangano.
I-3, i-quenching: ibhekisela ensimbi eshiselwe ku-Ac3 noma i-Ac1 (insimbi ngaphansi kwephuzu elibalulekile lokushisa) ngaphezu kwezinga lokushisa elithile, gcina isikhathi esithile, bese izinga lokupholisa elifanele, ukuthola inhlangano ye-martensite (noma i-bainite) yenqubo yokwelapha ukushisa. Izinqubo zokucisha ezivamile ukucisha okukodwa okuphakathi, ukucisha okubili-okumaphakathi, ukucisha i-martensite, ukucisha okukodwa kwe-isothermal, ukucisha indawo kanye nokucisha indawo. Inhloso yokucisha: ukuze izingxenye zensimbi zithole inhlangano edingekayo ye-martensitic, ithuthukise ubulukhuni be-workpiece, amandla kanye nokumelana nokukhwabanisa, ukuze ukwelashwa kokushisa kokugcina kwenze ukulungiselela okuhle kwenhlangano.
I-4, ukushisa: ibhekisela ensimbi eqinisiwe, bese ishiswa ezingeni lokushisa elingaphansi kwe-Ac1, isikhathi sokubamba, bese ipholiswa enkambisweni yokushisa ukushisa kwegumbi. Izinqubo zokushisa ezivamile yilezi: izinga lokushisa eliphansi, izinga lokushisa eliphakathi nendawo, izinga lokushisa eliphezulu kanye nokushisa okuningi.
Inhloso yokushisa: ikakhulukazi ukuqeda ukucindezeleka okukhiqizwa yinsimbi ekucimeni, ukuze insimbi ibe nobunzima obuphezulu nokumelana nokugqoka, futhi ibe ne-plasticity edingekayo kanye nokuqina.
I-5, i-tempering: ibhekisela ensimbi noma insimbi yokucisha kanye nokushisa okuphezulu kwenqubo yokwelapha ukushisa okuyinhlanganisela. Isetshenziswa ekwelapheni ukuthambisa insimbi ebizwa ngokuthi tempered steel. Ngokujwayelekile isho insimbi yesakhiwo sekhabhoni ephakathi nendawo nensimbi ye-carbon alloy structural steel.
I-6, i-carburizing: i-carburizing yinqubo yokwenza ama-athomu ekhabhoni angene ongqimbeni olungaphezulu lwensimbi. Futhi ukwenza i-workpiece yensimbi ephansi ye-carbon ibe nongqimba olungaphezulu lwensimbi ephezulu ye-carbon, bese kuthi ngemva kokucisha kanye nokushisa okuphansi kokushisa, ukuze ungqimba olungaphezulu lwe-workpiece lube nobunzima obuphezulu nokumelana nokugqoka, kuyilapho ingxenye emaphakathi ye-workpiece isalokhu igcina ukuqina kanye ne-plasticity yensimbi ephansi ye-carbon.
Indlela ye-vacuum
Ngoba ukushisisa nokupholisa izinto zokusebenza zensimbi kudinga ishumi nambili noma inqwaba yezenzo ukuze kuqedwe. Lezi zenzo zenziwa ngaphakathi kwesithando sokushisa ukushisa kwe-vacuum, opharetha akakwazi ukusondela, ngakho-ke izinga lokuzenzekelayo kwesithando somlilo we-vacuum liyadingeka ukuba libe phezulu. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ezinye izenzo, ezifana nokushisa nokubamba ukuphela kwenqubo yokucisha i-workpiece yensimbi kuyoba yizinyathelo eziyisithupha, eziyisikhombisa futhi ziqedwe phakathi nemizuzwana engu-15. Izimo ezinjalo ezishesha kakhulu ukuqedela izenzo eziningi, kulula ukubangela ukwethuka komqhubi futhi zenze ukungasebenzisi kahle. Ngakho-ke, izinga eliphezulu kuphela lokuzenzakalela lingaba olunembile, ukuxhumana okufika ngesikhathi ngokuhambisana nohlelo.
Ukwelashwa kokushisa kwe-vacuum kwezingxenye zensimbi kwenziwa esithandweni somlilo esivaliwe, ukuvala uphawu kwe-vacuum okuqinile kuyaziwa. Ngakho-ke, ukuthola nokuhambisana nesilinganiso sokuqala sokuvuza komoya sesithando somlilo, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi i-vacuum yokusebenza yesithando somlilo, ukuqinisekisa ikhwalithi yezingxenye zokwelashwa kokushisa kwe-vacuum kunokubaluleka okukhulu kakhulu. Ngakho-ke udaba olubalulekile lwesithando somlilo se-vacuum siwukuba nesakhiwo esithembekile sokuvalwa kwe-vacuum. Ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukusebenza kwe-vacuum yesithando somlilo, i-vacuum yokwelashwa kwesithando somlilo kufanele ilandele isimiso esiyisisekelo, okungukuthi, umzimba wesithando somlilo ukusebenzisa i-welding eqinile yegesi, kuyilapho umzimba wesithando somlilo kancane ngangokunokwenzeka ukuze uvule noma ungavuli imbobo, kancane noma ugweme ukusetshenziswa kwesakhiwo sokuvala uphawu, ukuze kuncishiswe ithuba lokuvuza. Kufakwe ezingxenyeni zomzimba zesithando somlilo wevacuum, izesekeli, njengama-electrode apholise ngamanzi, idivayisi yokuthekelisa ye-thermocouple kumele futhi yakhelwe ukuvala isakhiwo.
Izinto eziningi zokufudumeza nokufakwa ngaphakathi zingasetshenziswa kuphela ngaphansi kwe-vacuum. Vacuum ukwelashwa ukushisa esithandweni Ukushisa kanye ezishisayo ukwahlukanisa ulwelwesi ku-vacuum futhi izinga lokushisa eliphezulu umsebenzi, ngakho lezi zinto beka phambili izinga lokushisa eliphezulu ukumelana, imiphumela emisebeni, conductivity ezishisayo kanye nezinye izidingo. Izidingo zokumelana ne-oxidation aziphezulu. Ngakho-ke, isithando somlilo sokushisa i-vacuum sisetshenziswa kabanzi i-tantalum, i-tungsten, i-molybdenum ne-graphite yokushisa nezinto zokushisa ezishisayo. Lezi zinto zilula kakhulu ukwenza i-oxidize esimweni somkhathi, ngakho-ke, isithando somlilo esivamile sokushisa asikwazi ukusebenzisa lezi zinto zokushisa nokushisa.
Idivaysi epholiswe ngamanzi: igobolondo lesithando somlilo wokushisa i-vacuum, ikhava yesithando somlilo, izakhi zokushisa zikagesi, ama-electrode apholise amanzi, umnyango wokushisa ophakathi kwe-vacuum nezinye izingxenye, ku-vacuum, ngaphansi kwesimo somsebenzi wokushisa. Ukusebenza ngaphansi kwezimo ezinjalo ezingezinhle kakhulu, kufanele kuqinisekiswe ukuthi ukwakheka kwengxenye ngayinye ayikhubazekile noma yonakalisiwe, futhi uphawu lwe-vacuum alushisi ngokweqile noma lushiswe. Ngakho-ke, ingxenye ngayinye kufanele imiswe ngokuvumelana nezimo ezihlukene imishini yokupholisa amanzi ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi isithando somlilo se-vacuum singasebenza ngokujwayelekile futhi sibe nokuphila okwanele kokusetshenziswa.
Ukusetshenziswa kwe-low-voltage high-current: isitsha se-vacuum, lapho idigri ye-vacuum vacuum yohlu lwe-torr embalwa ye-lxlo-1, isitsha se-vacuum se-conductor onikwe amandla ku-voltage ephezulu, sizokhiqiza into yokukhishwa okukhanyayo. Esithandweni sokushisa kwe-vacuum, ukukhishwa kwe-arc okubi kakhulu kuzoshisa isici sokushisa kagesi, ungqimba lwe-insulation, okubangela izingozi ezinkulu nokulahlekelwa. Ngakho-ke, i-vacuum yokwelashwa kokushisa kwesithando somlilo wokushisa kagesi kagesi esebenzayo ngokuvamile ayikho ngaphezu kwama-80 a 100 volts. Ngesikhathi esifanayo ku-electric bafudumale element isakhiwo design ukuthatha izinyathelo eziphumelelayo, ezifana zama ukugwema ukuba ichopho izingxenye, isikhala electrode phakathi electrode ayikwazi ukuba sincane kakhulu, ukuze kuvinjwe isizukulwane kukhishwa ukukhanya noma arc khulula.
Ukuthukuthela
Ngokuya ngezidingo ezihlukile zokusebenza kwe-workpiece, ngokuya ngamazinga okushisa ahlukene okushisa, ingahlukaniswa ngezinhlobo ezilandelayo zokushisa:
(a) izinga lokushisa eliphansi (150-250 degrees)
Ukushisa okuphansi kokushisa kwenhlangano ewumphumela ye-martensite epholile. Inhloso yawo ukugcina ubulukhuni obuphezulu kanye nokumelana nokugqokwa okuphezulu kwensimbi ecishiwe ngaphansi kwesisekelo sokunciphisa ukucindezelwa kwayo kwangaphakathi nokuqina, ukuze kugwenywe ukuqoshwa noma ukulimala ngaphambi kwesikhathi ngesikhathi sokusetshenziswa. Isetshenziselwa ikakhulukazi amathuluzi okusika anekhabhoni ephezulu, amageji, ama-dies-drawn dies, ama-rolling bearings nezingxenye ezishisiwe, njll., ngemva kokuqina kokushisa ngokuvamile i-HRC58-64.
(ii) ukushisa okuphakathi nendawo (250-500 degrees)
Inhlangano yokushisa izinga lokushisa elimaphakathi yomzimba we-quartz opholile. Inhloso yawo ukuthola amandla esivuno esiphezulu, umkhawulo wokunwebeka kanye nokuqina okuphezulu. Ngakho-ke, isetshenziselwa ikakhulukazi izinhlobonhlobo zeziphethu kanye nokucubungula isikhunta somsebenzi oshisayo, ubulukhuni bokushisa ngokuvamile bungu-HRC35-50.
(C) ukushisa okuphezulu (500-650 degrees)
Izinga lokushisa eliphezulu lenhlangano ye-Sohnite ethukuthele. Ukucima okujwayelekile kanye nokushisa okuphezulu kokushisa okuhlanganisiwe kokwelashwa kokushisa okwaziwa ngokuthi ukwelashwa kwe-temering, inhloso yakho ukuthola amandla, ubulukhuni kanye nepulasitiki, ukuqina kuyizakhiwo ezingcono kakhulu zemishini. Ngakho-ke, isetshenziswa kabanzi ezimotweni, ogandaganda, amathuluzi omshini nezinye izingxenye ezibalulekile zesakhiwo, njengezinduku zokuxhuma, amabhawodi, amagiya namashafti. Ubulukhuni ngemva kokushisa ngokuvamile buyi-HB200-330.
Ukuvimbela ukuguquguquka
Ukunemba eziyinkimbinkimbi isikhunta deformation izimbangela ngokuvamile eziyinkimbinkimbi, kodwa thina nje balukhulume umthetho wayo deformation, sihlaziye izimbangela zayo, usebenzisa izindlela ezahlukene ukuvimbela deformation isikhunta uyakwazi ukunciphisa, kodwa futhi uyakwazi ukulawula. Ngokuvamile, ukwelashwa kokushisa kokunemba kwesikhunta esiyinkimbinkimbi kungathatha izindlela ezilandelayo zokuvimbela.
(1) Ukukhetha izinto ezinengqondo. Ukunemba isikhunta eziyinkimbinkimbi kufanele kukhethwe impahla enhle microdeformation isikhunta insimbi (ezifana air quenching steel), ukuhlukaniswa carbide of sína isikhunta steel kufanele kube ezinengqondo forging futhi tempering ukwelashwa ukushisa, emikhulu futhi ayikwazi ukubunjwa isikhunta steel kungaba isisombululo esiqinile kabili ukucolisiswa ukwelashwa ukushisa.
(2) Ukwakhiwa kwesakhiwo sesikhunta kufanele kube okunengqondo, ukujiya akufanele kuhluke kakhulu, ukubunjwa kufanele kube okulinganayo, ukuze ukuguqulwa kwesikhunta esikhulu ukuze ukwazi kahle umthetho we-deformation, isibonelelo sokucubungula esigodliwe, isikhunta esikhulu, esinembile nesiyinkimbinkimbi singasetshenziswa ekuhlanganiseni kwezakhiwo.
(3) Ukunemba kanye nokubunjwa okuyinkimbinkimbi kufanele kube ukwelashwa kwangaphambi kokushisa ukuze kuqedwe ukucindezeleka okusele okukhiqizwa enkambisweni yomshini.
(4) Ukukhetha okunengqondo kokushisa kokushisa, lawula isivinini sokushisa, ngokunemba isikhunta esiyinkimbinkimbi singathatha ukufudumeza kancane, ukushisa kuqala kanye nezinye izindlela zokushisa ezilinganiselwe ukuze kuncishiswe ukubola kokwelashwa kokushisa.
(5) Ngaphansi kwesisekelo sokuqinisekisa ubulukhuni besikhunta, zama ukusebenzisa ukupholisa kwangaphambili, ukucisha ukupholisa ngokwezinga noma inqubo yokucisha izinga lokushisa.
(6) Ukuze uthole ukunemba nokubumba okuyinkimbinkimbi, ngaphansi kwemibandela evumayo, zama ukusebenzisa ukucisha ukushisa kwe-vacuum kanye nokwelashwa okupholisa okujulile ngemva kokucisha.
(7) Kwezinye isikhunta ukunemba kanye eziyinkimbinkimbi ingasetshenziswa ukwelashwa pre-ukushisa, ukuguga ukwelashwa ukushisa, tempering nitriding ukushisa ukwelashwa ukulawula ukunemba isikhunta.
(8) Ekulungiseni izimbobo zesihlabathi sesikhunta, i-porosity, ukuguga nezinye iziphambeko, ukusetshenziswa komshini wokushisela obandayo kanye nomunye umthelela oshisayo wemishini yokulungisa ukugwema inqubo yokulungisa ukuguqulwa.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukusebenza okulungile kwenqubo yokushisa ukushisa (njengezimbobo zokuxhuma, izimbobo eziboshiwe, ukulungiswa komshini, izindlela zokushisa ezifanele, ukukhetha okulungile kwesiqondiso sokupholisa sesikhunta kanye nesiqondiso sokunyakaza endaweni yokupholisa, njll.) kanye nenqubo yokwelapha ukushisa okunengqondo ukunciphisa ukuguqulwa kokunemba kanye nokubunjwa okuyinkimbinkimbi nakho kuyizinyathelo eziphumelelayo.
Ukucisha ubuso nokwelashwa kokushisa kokushisa kuvame ukwenziwa ngokufudumeza kwe-induction noma ukushisisa ilangabi. Imingcele yezobuchwepheshe eyinhloko ubulukhuni bobuso, ubulukhuni bendawo kanye nokujula kongqimba oluqinile olusebenzayo. Ukuhlolwa kokuqina kungasetshenziswa i-Vickers hardness tester, ingasetshenziswa futhi i-Rockwell noma i-surface Rockwell ubulukhuni bokuhlola. Ukukhethwa kwamandla okuhlola (isikali) kuhlobene nokujula kwesendlalelo esiqinile esiqinile kanye nobulukhuni obungaphezulu bomsebenzi wokusebenza. Izinhlobo ezintathu zabahloli bokuqina ziyabandakanyeka lapha.
Okokuqala, i-Vickers tester hardness iyindlela ebalulekile yokuhlola ubulukhuni bobuso bezinto zokusebenza ezilashwe ngokushisa, ingakhethwa kusukela ku-0.5 kuya ku-100kg wamandla okuhlola, ivivinye ungqimba oluqinile olungaphezulu njengogqinsi luka-0.05mm, futhi ukunemba kwalo kuphakeme kakhulu, futhi lingakwazi ukuhlukanisa umehluko omncane wobulukhuni obungaphezulu bezinto zokusebenza ezilashwe ngokushisa. Ukwengeza, ukujula kongqimba oluqinile oluqinile kufanele futhi kutholwe umhloli wokuqina we-Vickers, ngakho-ke ukuze kucutshungulwe ukwelashwa kokushisa okungaphezulu noma inani elikhulu lamayunithi kusetshenziswa ucezu lokusebenzela lokwelapha ukushisa okungaphezulu, olufakelwe isihloli sokuqina se-Vickers siyadingeka.
Okwesibili, i-surface Rockwell hardness tester nayo ifaneleka kakhulu ukuhlola ubulukhuni be-workpiece eqinile, umhloli wokuqina we-Rockwell ongaphezulu unezikali ezintathu ongakhetha kuzo. Ingahlola ukujula kokuqina okusebenzayo kokungaphezu kuka-0.1mm kocwecwe bokusebenza obuqinile obuhlukahlukene. Nakuba ukunemba komhloli wokuqina we-Rockwell engaphezulu kungephezulu njenge-Vickers tester, kodwa njengokuphathwa kwekhwalithi yesitshalo sokwelapha ukushisa nezindlela zokuhlola ezifanelekayo zokutholwa, ikwazile ukuhlangabezana nezimfuneko. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iphinde ibe nokusebenza okulula, okulula ukuyisebenzisa, intengo ephansi, ukulinganisa okusheshayo, ingakwazi ukufunda ngokuqondile inani lobulukhuni nezinye izici, ukusetshenziswa komhloli wobulukhuni be-Rockwell kungase kube iqoqo le-workpiece yokwelapha ukushisa okungaphezulu ukuze kuhlolwe ngokushesha futhi okungabhubhisi ucezu-by-piece. Lokhu kubalulekile embonini yokucubungula insimbi kanye nemishini yokukhiqiza.
Okwesithathu, lapho ungqimba oluqinile lokwelashwa kokushisa kwamanzi lushubile, lungasetshenziswa futhi umhloli wokuqina we-Rockwell. Lapho ukwelashwa ukushisa lukhuni ungqimba ukujiya 0.4 ~ 0.8mm, ingasetshenziswa HRA isikali, lapho ungqimba lukhuni ukujiya ezingaphezu kuka 0.8mm, ingasetshenziswa HRC isikali.
I-Vickers, i-Rockwell kanye ne-surface Rockwell izinhlobo ezintathu zamanani obulukhuni zingaguqulelwa kalula komunye nomunye, ziguqulelwe ezingeni elijwayelekile, imidwebo noma umsebenzisi udinga inani lobulukhuni. Amathebula okuguqulwa ahambisanayo anikezwe ku-ISO ejwayelekile yamazwe ngamazwe, i-ASTM evamile yaseMelika kanye ne-Chinese standard GB/T.
Ukuqina kwendawo
Izingxenye uma izidingo zokuqina kwendawo ziphakeme, ukushisisa okungeniswayo okutholakalayo nezinye izindlela zokucisha ukushisa kwendawo, izingxenye ezinjalo ngokuvamile kufanele ziphawule indawo yokwelashwa kokushisa okucishayo kwendawo kanye nevelu yobulukhuni bendawo emidwebeni. Ukuhlolwa kokuqina kwezingxenye kufanele kwenziwe endaweni eqokiwe. Izinsimbi zokuhlola ubulukhuni zingasetshenziswa umhloli wobulukhuni be-Rockwell, isivivinyo sobulukhuni be-HRC, njengongqimba oluqinile lokwelashwa alujulile, lungasetshenziswa umhloli wobulukhuni be-Rockwell, vivinya inani lobulukhuni be-HRN.
Ukwelashwa kokushisa kwamakhemikhali
Ukwelashwa kokushisa kwamakhemikhali ukwenza ingaphezulu le-workpiece lingene endaweni eyodwa noma eziningana zamakhemikhali ama-athomu, ukuze kuguqulwe ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali, ukuhleleka nokusebenza kwendawo yokusebenza. Ngemuva kokucisha nokushisa okuphansi kokushisa, ingaphezulu le-workpiece linobunzima obukhulu, ukumelana nokugqoka kanye namandla okukhathala othintana naye, kuyilapho umnyombo womsebenzi unokuqina okuphezulu.
Ngokwalokhu okungenhla, ukutholwa nokuqoshwa kwezinga lokushisa enqubweni yokwelapha ukushisa kubaluleke kakhulu, futhi ukulawula izinga lokushisa okungekuhle kunomthelela omkhulu kumkhiqizo. Ngakho-ke, ukutholwa kokushisa kubaluleke kakhulu, umkhuba wokushisa kuyo yonke inqubo nawo ubaluleke kakhulu, okuholela ekutheni inqubo yokwelashwa kokushisa kufanele ibhalwe ekushintsheni kwezinga lokushisa, ingenza kube lula ukuhlaziywa kwedatha yesikhathi esizayo, kodwa futhi ukubona ukuthi yisiphi isikhathi izinga lokushisa elingahlangabezani nezidingo. Lokhu kuzodlala indima enkulu kakhulu ekuthuthukiseni ukwelashwa kokushisa esikhathini esizayo.
Izinqubo zokusebenza
1, Hlanza indawo yokusebenza, hlola ukuthi amandla kagesi, amathuluzi okulinganisa namaswishi ahlukahlukene ajwayelekile, nokuthi umthombo wamanzi ubushelelezi yini.
2, Ama-operators kufanele agqoke izinto ezinhle zokuvikela abasebenzi, ngaphandle kwalokho kuzoba yingozi.
3, vula isishintshi samandla okulawula sokudlulisa umhlaba wonke, ngokuya ngezidingo zobuchwepheshe zezingxenye ezilinganiselwe zemishini yokukhuphuka nokuwa kwezinga lokushisa, ukunweba impilo yemishini nemishini ingaguquki.
4, ukunaka ukushisa kwesithando sokushisa nokulawulwa kwejubane lebhande le-mesh, ingakwazi ukulawula amazinga okushisa adingekayo ezintweni ezihlukahlukene, ukuqinisekisa ubulukhuni be-workpiece kanye nokuqina kobuso kanye nesendlalelo se-oxidation, futhi senze umsebenzi omuhle wokuphepha.
5, Ukuze unake ukushisa kwesithando somlilo kanye nesivinini sebhande le-mesh, vula umoya wokukhipha umoya, ukuze ucezu lokusebenzela ngemuva kokushisa luhlangabezane nezidingo zekhwalithi.
6, emsebenzini kufanele unamathele kokuthunyelwe.
7, ukumisa izinto ezidingekayo zomlilo, futhi ujwayele ukusetshenziswa nezindlela zokulondoloza.
8, Uma simisa umshini, kufanele sihlole ukuthi wonke amaswishi okulawula akwisimo sokucisha, bese sivala iswishi yokudlulisa yonke indawo.
Ukushisa ngokweqile
Kusukela emlonyeni olukhuni we-roller izesekeli ezithwala izingxenye zingabonwa ngemva kokucisha ukushisa kwe-microstructure. Kodwa ukucacisa degree esiqondile overheating kumele bagcine microstructure. Uma enhlanganweni yokucisha insimbi ye-GCr15 ngokubukeka kwe-martensite yenaliti eqinile, iqeda inhlangano yokushisa ngokweqile. Isizathu sokubunjwa kokushisa kokushisa kokucima kungase kube phezulu kakhulu noma ukushisa futhi isikhathi sokubamba side kakhulu okubangelwa uhla olugcwele lokushisa ngokweqile; kungase futhi kube ngenxa yenhlangano yokuqala ye-band carbide sina, endaweni ephansi yekhabhoni phakathi kwamabhendi amabili ukwakha inaliti ye-martensite ewugqinsi, okuholela ekushiseni okweqile kwendawo. I-austenite eyinsalela enhlanganweni eshisa kakhulu iyanda, futhi ukuzinza kwe-dimensional kuncipha. Ngenxa yokushisa ngokweqile kwenhlangano yokucisha, i-crystal yensimbi i-coarse, okuzoholela ekunciphiseni ukuqina kwezingxenye, ukumelana nomthelela kuncishisiwe, futhi impilo yokuthwala nayo iyancipha. Ukushisa ngokweqile kungabangela ngisho nemifantu ecishayo.
Ukushisa ngaphansi
Ukushisa kokucisha kuphansi noma ukupholisa okungalungile kuzokhiqiza okungaphezu kwenhlangano evamile ye-Torrhenite ku-microstructure, eyaziwa ngokuthi inhlangano yokushisa, okwenza ukwehla kokuqina, ukumelana nokugqoka kuyancipha kakhulu, okuthinta ukuphila kwezingxenye ze-roller ezithwala.
Ukucisha imifantu
Izingxenye ezithwala i-roller ekucimeni nasekupholiseni ngenxa yokucindezeleka kwangaphakathi kwakha imifantu ebizwa ngokuthi imifantu ecishayo. Izimbangela zokuqhekeka okunjalo yilezi: ngenxa yokucisha ukushisa kokushisa kuphezulu kakhulu noma ukupholisa kushesha kakhulu, ukucindezeleka okushisayo nokuguqulwa kwevolumu yensimbi enhlanganweni yokucindezeleka kukhulu kunamandla okuphuka kwensimbi; indawo yokusebenza yamaphutha okuqala (okufana nokuqhekeka komhlaba noma ukuklwebheka) noma amaphutha angaphakathi ensimbi (njenge-slag, ukufakwa okungathí sina okungeyona insimbi, amabala amhlophe, izinsalela zokushwabana, njll.) ekucimeni kokwakheka kokugxilisa ingqondo; i-decarburization enzima yendawo kanye nokuhlukaniswa kwe-Carbide; izingxenye ezicishiwe ngemuva kokushisa okunganele noma okungakafiki isikhathi; ukucindezeleka kwe-punch okubandayo okubangelwa inqubo yangaphambilini kukhulu kakhulu, ukugoqa ukugoqa, ukusikeka okujulile okuphendukayo, ama-oil grooves amaphethelo abukhali njalonjalo. Ngamafuphi, imbangela yokucima imifantu ingaba yinye noma ngaphezulu kwezici ezingenhla, ukuba khona kokucindezeleka kwangaphakathi kuyisizathu esiyinhloko sokwakheka kokucisha imifantu. Imifantu ecishayo ijulile futhi izacile, inokwephuka okuqondile futhi akukho mbala oxidized endaweni ephukile. Kuvame ukuqhekeka okuyisicaba okude noma okumise okwendandatho kukhola ethwele; umumo ebholeni lensimbi elinesimo esimise okuka-S, okumise okwe-T noma okumise okwendandatho. Izici zenhlangano zokucisha i-crack akuyona into ye-decarburization ezinhlangothini zombili zomfantu, ehlukaniseka ngokusobala ekufakeni imifantu nokuqhekeka kwempahla.
Ukuguqulwa kokwelashwa kokushisa
I-NACHI ephethe izingxenye ekwelapheni ukushisa, kukhona ukucindezeleka okushisayo nokucindezeleka kwenhlangano, lokhu kucindezeleka kwangaphakathi kungahle kubekwe phezu komunye nomunye noma kancane kancane, kuyinkimbinkimbi futhi kuguquguqukayo, ngoba kungashintshwa ngokushisa kokushisa, izinga lokushisa, imodi yokupholisa, izinga lokupholisa, ukuma nobukhulu bezingxenye, ngakho-ke ukuguqulwa kokwelashwa kokushisa akunakugwenywa. Ukuqaphela futhi kahle ukubusa komthetho kungenza ukuguqulwa kwezingxenye ezithwalayo (ezifana ne-oval of the collar, size up, njll.) ibekwe ebangeni elilawulekayo, elivumela ukukhiqizwa. Yiqiniso, enkambisweni yokwelashwa kokushisa kokushayisana kwemishini kuzokwenza izingxenye ze-deformation, kodwa lokhu kuguqulwa kungasetshenziswa ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza ukunciphisa nokugwema.
I-Decarburization yobuso
Izesekeli ze-roller ezinezingxenye zenqubo yokwelapha ukushisa, uma ishiswa endaweni ene-oxidizing, indawo engaphezulu izokwenziwa i-oxidized ukuze izingxenye ezingaphezulu kwe-carbon mass ingxenyenamba iyancipha, okuholela ekuqothulweni kwe-surface. Ukujula kwesendlalelo se-surface decarburization ngaphezu kokucubungula kokugcina kwenani lokugcinwa kuzokwenza izingxenye zilahliwe. Ukunqunywa kokujula kongqimba lwe-surface decarburization ekuhlolweni kwe-metallographic yendlela etholakalayo ye-metallographic kanye nendlela yokuqina okuncane. Ijika lokusabalalisa ubulukhuni obuncane bongqimba olungaphezulu lusekelwe endleleni yokulinganisa, futhi lungasetshenziswa njengendlela yokunquma yokulamula.
Indawo ethambile
Ngenxa yokungashisi okwanele, ukupholisa okungekuhle, ukusebenza kokucisha okubangelwa ubulukhuni obungafanelekile bezingxenye ezithwele amarola akuyona into eyanele eyaziwa ngokuthi i-quenching soft spot. Kufana ne-surface decarburization ingabangela ukwehla okukhulu kokumelana nokugqokwa kwangaphandle namandla okukhathala.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Dec-05-2023