Insimbi engagqwali ingatholakala yonke indawo empilweni, futhi kukhona zonke izinhlobo zamamodeli ayisiwula ukuhlukanisa. Namuhla ukwabelana nawe ngendatshana yokucacisa amaphuzu olwazi lapha.
Insimbi engagqwali isifinyezo sensimbi engagqwali engamelana ne-asidi, umoya, isitimu, amanzi nezinye imidiya egqwalayo ebuthakathaka noma insimbi engagqwali eyaziwa ngokuthi insimbi engagqwali; futhi izomelana nemithombo yamakhemikhali egqwalayo (ama-asidi, ama-alkali, usawoti, nokunye ukufakwa kwamakhemikhali) ukugqwala kwensimbi kubizwa ngensimbi engamelana ne-asidi.
Insimbi engagqwali isho umoya, isitimu, amanzi nezinye imidiya egqwalayo ebuthakathaka nama-asidi, ama-alkali, usawoti kanye nokunye ukugqwala kwamakhemikhali ensimbi, okubuye kwaziwe ngensimbi engagqwali ne-acid-resistant. Empeleni, insimbi evikela ukugqwala ebuthaka ebizwa ngokuthi insimbi engagqwali, kanye nensimbi yamakhemikhali evikela ukugqwala ebizwa ngokuthi insimbi engamelana ne-asidi. Ngenxa yomehluko ekubunjweni kwamakhemikhali kokubili, eyokuqala ayimelani ngempela nokugqwala kwemithombo yamakhemikhali, kuyilapho yakamuva ngokuvamile ayinabala. Ukumelana nokugqwala kwensimbi engagqwali kuncike ezintweni ze-alloying eziqukethwe ensimbi.
Ukuhlukaniswa Okujwayelekile
Ngokusho kwenhlangano ye-metallurgical
Ngokuvamile, ngokusho kwenhlangano ye-metallurgical, izinsimbi ezingenasici ezivamile zihlukaniswa ngezigaba ezintathu: izinsimbi ezingenasici ze-austenitic, izinsimbi ezingenasici ze-ferritic nezinsimbi ezingenasici ze-martensitic. Ngokwesisekelo senhlangano ye-metallurgical eyisisekelo yalezi zigaba ezintathu, izinsimbi eziyi-duplex, imvula eqinisa insimbi engagqwali kanye nezinsimbi eziphezulu ze-alloy eziqukethe ngaphansi kuka-50% yensimbi zitholwa ngezidingo nezinjongo ezithile.
1. Insimbi engagqwali ye-Austenitic
I-matrix eya ku-face-centred cubic crystal structure yenhlangano ye-austenitic (CY phase) ibuswa okungewona uzibuthe, ikakhulukazi ngokusebenza okubandayo ukuze kuqiniswe (futhi kungase kuholele ezingeni elithile likazibuthe) lensimbi engagqwali. I-American Iron and Steel Institute kuya ku-200 kanye nochungechunge lwama-300 lwamalebula ezinombolo, njenge-304.
2. Ferritic insimbi engagqwali
I-Matrix eya kusakhiwo sekristalu eyi-cubic crystal yenhlangano ye-ferrite (isigaba) inamandla, kazibuthe, ngokuvamile ayikwazi ukwenziwa lukhuni ukwelashwa kokushisa, kodwa ukusebenza okubandayo kungayenza iqine kancane insimbi engagqwali. I-American Iron and Steel Institute iye ku-430 naku-446 kulebula.
3. Insimbi engagqwali ye-Martensitic
I-matrix iyinhlangano ye-martensitic (i-cubic egxile emzimbeni noma i-cubic), kazibuthe, ngokwelashwa kokushisa ingalungisa izici zayo zensimbi engagqwali. I-American Iron and Steel Institute ifinyelele ku-410, 420, kanye nezibalo ezingama-440 ezimakiwe. I-Martensite inenhlangano ye-austenitic emazingeni okushisa aphezulu, engaguqulwa ibe yi-martensite (okungukuthi iqiniswe) lapho ipholiswe ezingeni lokushisa elisezingeni elifanele.
4. I-Austenitic i-ferrite (i-duplex) uhlobo lwensimbi engagqwali
I-matrix inenhlangano yezigaba ezimbili ze-austenitic ne-ferrite, lapho okuqukethwe kwe-matrix yesigaba esincane ngokuvamile kukhulu kuno-15%, kazibuthe, ingaqiniswa ukusebenza okubandayo kwensimbi engagqwali, i-329 iyinsimbi evamile ye-duplex. Uma kuqhathaniswa nensimbi engagqwali ye-austenitic, insimbi eyi-duplex enamandla amakhulu, ukumelana nokugqwala kwe-intergranular kanye nokugqwala kokucindezeleka kwe-chloride kanye nokugqwala kwe-pitting kuthuthukiswa kakhulu.
5. Izulu liqinisa insimbi engagqwali
I-matrix iyinhlangano ye-austenitic noma i-martensitic, futhi ingaba lukhuni ngokwelashwa kokuqina kwemvula ukuze yenziwe insimbi engagqwali eqinile. I-American Iron and Steel Institute kuya kuchungechunge lwamalebula edijithali angama-600, njenge-630, okungukuthi, 17-4PH.
Ngokuvamile, ngaphezu kwama-alloys, ukumelana nokugqwala kwensimbi engagqwali ye-austenitic kuphakeme, endaweni engagqwali kancane, ungasebenzisa insimbi engagqwali ye-ferritic, ezindaweni ezigqwala kancane, uma impahla idingeka ukuze ube namandla aphezulu noma ubulukhuni obuphezulu, ungasebenzisa insimbi engagqwali ye-martensitic kanye nemvula eqinisa insimbi engagqwali.
Izici kanye nokusetshenziswa
Inqubo yobuso
Ukwehlukana kokuqina
1. Ngenxa yokuthi umshini wokugaya insimbi kunqubo yokugingqika, amaroli ashisiswa ukuwohloka okuncane, okuholela ekuphumeni kokuchezuka kogqinsi lwepuleti, ngokuvamile eliwugqinsi phakathi kwezinhlangothi ezimbili zamapuleti amancane. Ekulinganiseni ubukhulu bemithetho yezwe yepuleti kufanele kulinganiswe phakathi kwekhanda lepuleti.
2. Isizathu sokubekezelelana sisekelwe emakethe kanye nesidingo samakhasimende, ngokuvamile sihlukaniswa ngokubekezelelana okukhulu nokuncane.
V. Ukukhiqiza, izidingo zokuhlola
1. Ipuleti lepayipi
① amajoyinti ezinqenqe zepuleti leshubhu ekuhlolweni kwe-ray engu-100% noma i-UT, ileveli efanelekayo: RT: Ⅱ UT: Ⅰ izinga;
② Ngaphezu kwensimbi engagqwali, ipayipi lepuleti elihlukaniselwe ukwelashwa kokunciphisa ukushisa;
③ ukuchezuka kobubanzi bepuleti lembobo yebhuloho: ngokuya ngefomula yokubala ububanzi bebhuloho lembobo: B = (S - d) - D1
Ububanzi obuncane bebhuloho lembobo: B = 1/2 (S - d) + C;
2. Ukwelashwa kokushisa kwe-tube box:
Insimbi ye-Carbon, insimbi ephansi ye-alloy eshiselwe nge-split-range partition yebhokisi lamapayipi, kanye nebhokisi lepayipi lezikhala ezingemuva ezingaphezu kwe-1/3 yobubanzi bangaphakathi bebhokisi lepayipi le-cylinder, ekusetshenzisweni kwe-welding yokwelapha ukushisa kwengcindezi, i-flange ne-partitioning sealing surface kufanele icutshungulwe ngemva kokwelashwa kokushisa.
3. Ukuhlolwa kwengcindezi
Lapho ingcindezi yokuklama inqubo yegobolondo iphansi kunokucindezela kwenqubo yeshubhu, ukuze kubhekwe ikhwalithi yeshubhu yokushisisa ukushisa nokuxhumeka kwepuleti leshubhu.
① Ingcindezi yohlelo lweshell yokwandisa ingcindezi yokuhlola ngohlelo lwamapayipi oluhambisana nokuhlolwa kwe-hydraulic, ukuhlola ukuthi ukuvuza kwamalunga amapayipi. (Kodwa-ke, kuyadingeka ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ukucindezelwa kwefilimu okuyinhloko kwegobolondo ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa kwe-hydraulic kungu-≤0.9ReLΦ)
② Uma indlela engenhla ingafaneleki, igobolondo lingaba ukuhlolwa kwe-hydrostatic ngokuvumelana nengcindezi yasekuqaleni ngemva kokudlula, bese kuba igobolondo lokuhlola ukuvuza kwe-ammonia noma ukuhlolwa kokuvuza kwe-halogen.
Hlobo luni lwensimbi engagqwali okungelula ukugqwala?
Kunezici ezintathu eziyinhloko ezithinta ukugqwala kwensimbi engagqwali:
1.Okuqukethwe kwezakhi ze-alloying. Ngokuvamile, okuqukethwe kwe-chromium ku-10.5% yensimbi akulula ukugqwala. Ukuphakama kokuqukethwe kwe-chromium nokumelana nokugqwala kwe-nickel kungcono, njengokuqukethwe kwe-nickel okungu-304 okungama-85 ~ 10%, okuqukethwe kwe-chromium okungu-18% ~ 20%, insimbi enjalo engagqwali ngokuvamile ayikona ukugqwala.
2. Inqubo yokuncibilikisa yomkhiqizi izophinde ithinte ukumelana nokugqwala kwensimbi engagqwali. Ubuchwepheshe bokuncibilikisa buhle, imishini ethuthukisiwe, ubuchwepheshe obuthuthukisiwe, isitshalo esikhulu sensimbi engagqwali kokubili ekulawuleni izakhi ze-alloying, ukususwa kokungcola, ukulawulwa kwezinga lokushisa kwe-billet kungaqinisekiswa, ngakho ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo izinzile futhi inokwethenjelwa, ikhwalithi enhle yangaphakathi, akulula ukugqwala. Ngokuphambene nalokho, imishini encane yezitshalo zensimbi ihlehla, ubuchwepheshe obusemuva, inqubo yokuncibilikisa, ukungcola akukwazi ukususwa, ukukhiqizwa kwemikhiqizo kuzogqwala nakanjani.
3. Imvelo yangaphandle. Indawo eyomile nengenisa umoya akulula ukugqwala, kuyilapho umswakama womoya, isimo sezulu esinemvula eqhubekayo, noma umoya oqukethe i-acidity kanye ne-alkalinity yendawo kulula ukugqwala. 304 insimbi engagqwali, uma indawo ezungezile imbi kakhulu nayo igqwalile.
Insimbi engagqwali nokugqwala amabala kanjani ukubhekana?
1.Indlela yamakhemikhali
Ngokunamathisela i-pickle noma isifutho ukuze kusizwe izingxenye zayo ezigqwalile ukuthi ziphinde zidlulise ukwakheka kwefilimu ye-chromium oxide ukuze kubuyiselwe ukumelana nokugqwala kwayo, ngemva kokukhetha, ukuze kukhishwe zonke izinto ezingcolisa umoya nezinsalela ze-asidi, kubaluleke kakhulu ukufeza ukugeza okufanelekile ngamanzi. Ngemuva kokuthi yonke into isicutshungulwe futhi ipholishwe kabusha ngemishini yokupholisha, ingavalwa nge-wax yokupholisha. Ngokuba indawo nokugqwala amabala kancane ingasetshenziswa 1:1 uphethiloli, uwoyela ingxube nge rag ehlanzekile ukusula amabala ukugqwala kungaba.
2. Izindlela zemishini
Ukuhlanza isihlabathi, ukuhlanza ngengilazi noma izinhlayiya zobumba eziqhumayo, ukubhidliza, ukuxubha nokupholisha. Izindlela zemishini zinamandla okusula ukungcoliswa okubangelwa izinto ezikhishwe ngaphambilini, izinto zokupholisha noma izinto ezichithiwe. Zonke izinhlobo zokungcola, ikakhulukazi izinhlayiya zensimbi zangaphandle, zingaba umthombo wokugqwala, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezinomswakama. Ngakho-ke, izindawo ezihlanzwa ngomshini kufanele zihlanzwe ngokusemthethweni ngaphansi kwezimo ezomile. Ukusetshenziswa kwezindlela zemishini kuhlanza indawo yayo kuphela futhi akushintshi ukumelana nokugqwala kwezinto ngokwazo. Ngakho-ke, kunconywa ukuba uphinde upholise indawo ngemishini yokupholisha futhi uyivale nge-wax yokupholisha ngemva kokuhlanza ngomshini.
Instrumentation evame ukusetshenziswa ensimbi engagqwali amamaki kanye izakhiwo
1.304 insimbi engagqwali. Ingenye yezinsimbi ezingenasici ze-austenitic ezinohlelo olukhulu nokusetshenziswa okubanzi kakhulu, ezifanele ukukhiqiza izingxenye zokubumba ezidonsa ngokujulile namapayipi e-asidi, iziqukathi, izingxenye zesakhiwo, izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zemizimba yezinsimbi, njll. Ingakwazi futhi ukukhiqiza izinto ezingezona uzibuthe, izinga lokushisa eliphansi kanye nezingxenye.
2.304L insimbi engagqwali. Ukuze kuxazululwe imvula ye-Cr23C6 ebangelwa insimbi engagqwali engu-304 kwezinye izimo kukhona ukuthambekela okukhulu kokugqwala kwe-intergranular kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwe-ultra-low carbon austenitic steel stainless steel, isimo sayo esizwelayo sokumelana nokugqwala kwe-intergranular singcono kakhulu kune-304 insimbi engagqwali. Ngaphezu kwamandla aphansi kancane, ezinye izakhiwo ezinensimbi engagqwali engu-321, ikakhulukazi ezisetshenziselwa izinto ezikwazi ukumelana nokugqwala kanye nezingxenye azikwazi ukushiselwa ukwelashwa kwesixazululo, zingasetshenziswa ekwenzeni izinhlobo ezahlukene zemizimba yezinsimbi.
3.304H insimbi engagqwali. Igatsha langaphakathi le-304 lensimbi engagqwali, ingxenye ye-carbon mass ku-0.04% ~ 0.10%, ukusebenza kwezinga lokushisa eliphezulu kungcono kune-304 insimbi engagqwali.
4.316 insimbi engagqwali. Ensimbi ye-10Cr18Ni12 esekelwe ekwengezweni kwe-molybdenum, ukuze insimbi ibe nokumelana okuhle ekunciphiseni imidiya kanye nokumelana nokugqwala kwe-pitting. Emanzini olwandle nakweminye imidiya, ukumelana nokugqwala kungcono kunensimbi engagqwali engama-304, esetshenziselwa kakhulu ukufaka izinto ezimelana nokugqwala.
5.316L insimbi engagqwali. I-Ultra-low carbon steel, ekwazi ukumelana nokugqwala okuqwashisiwe kwe-intergranular, ifaneleka ukwakhiwa kosayizi owugqinsi wezingxenye eziphambanayo wezingxenye ezishiselwe kanye nezinto zokusebenza, njengemishini ye-petrochemical ezintweni ezimelana nokugqwala.
6.316H insimbi engagqwali. igatsha langaphakathi le-316 insimbi engagqwali, ingxenye ye-carbon mass engu-0.04% -0.10%, ukusebenza kokushisa okuphezulu kungcono kune-316 insimbi engagqwali.
7.317 insimbi engagqwali. Ukumelana nokugqwala kwe-pitting kanye nokumelana nokukhasa kungcono kune-316L yensimbi engagqwali, esetshenziswa ekwenzeni i-petrochemical and organic acid resistant corrosion equipment.
8.321 insimbi engagqwali. I-Titanium stabilized austenitic stainless steel, yengeza i-titanium ukuze ithuthukise ukumelana nokugqwala kwe-intergranular, futhi inezici ezinhle zomshini wokushisa okuphezulu, ingathathelwa indawo yi-ultra-low carbon austenitic stainless steel. Ngaphezu kokushisa okuphezulu noma ukumelana nokugqwala kwe-hydrogen nezinye izikhathi ezikhethekile, isimo esijwayelekile asinconywa.
9.347 insimbi engagqwali. I-Niobium-stabilized austenitic stainless steel, i-niobium yengezwe ukuthuthukisa ukumelana nokugqwala kwe-intergranular, ukumelana nokugqwala ku-asidi, i-alkali, usawoti kanye neminye imidiya egqwalayo ene-321 insimbi engagqwali, ukusebenza kahle kwe-welding, ingasetshenziswa njengezinto ezimelana nokugqwala kanye nokumelana nokushisa okusetshenziselwa ikakhulukazi amapayipi e-astrochemical, insimbi yokukhiqiza ukushisa, insimbi yokukhiqiza i-astrochemical. ama-exchangers, ama-shafts, izithando zomlilo zezimboni ku-tube yesithando somlilo kanye ne-thermometer yesithando somlilo nokunye.
10.904L insimbi engagqwali. Insimbi engagqwali egcwele i-austenitic, i-super austenitic stainless steel eyasungulwa u-Otto Kemp waseFinland, ingxenyana yayo ye-nickel mass 24% kuya ku-26%, ingxenye ye-carbon mass engaphansi kuka-0.02%, ukumelana nokugqwala okuhle kakhulu, kuma-asidi angenayo i-oxidising anjenge-sulfuric, i-acetic, i-formic kanye ne-phosroric acid inokumelana okuhle ne-phosroric ngesikhathi esifanayo. ukugqwala kwe-crevice kanye nokumelana nokucindezeleka kwezakhiwo zokugqwala. Ilungele ukugxila okuhlukahlukene kwe-sulfuric acid engaphansi kuka-70 ℃, futhi inokumelana nokugqwala okuhle kwe-acetic acid ne-asidi exubile ye-formic acid ne-acetic acid yanoma yikuphi ukugxila nanoma yikuphi ukushisa ngaphansi kwengcindezi evamile. Izinga langempela le-ASMESB-625 liyichaza kuma-alloys asekelwe ku-nickel, futhi izinga elisha liyichaza kunsimbi engagqwali. Insimbi yaseShayina kuphela ebangeni elingu-015Cr19Ni26Mo5Cu2, abakhiqizi abambalwa baseYurophu bezinto ezibalulekile abasebenzisa insimbi engagqwali engu-904L, njengeshubhu lokukala le-E + H's mass flowmeter wukusetshenziswa kwensimbi engagqwali engu-904L, ikesi lewashi le-Rolex liphinde lisetshenziswe insimbi engagqwali engu-904L.
11.440C insimbi engagqwali. Insimbi engagqwali ye-Martensitic, insimbi engagqwali eqinile, insimbi engagqwali ngobulukhuni obukhulu kakhulu, ubulukhuni HRC57. Isetshenziswa kakhulu ekukhiqizeni ama-nozzles, ama-bearings, ama-valve, ama-valve spools, izihlalo zama-valve, imikhono, iziqu ze-valve, njll.
12.17-4PH insimbi engagqwali. Imvula ye-Martensitic eyenza lukhuni insimbi engagqwali, ubulukhuni i-HRC44, enamandla amakhulu, ubulukhuni nokumelana nokugqwala, ayikwazi ukusetshenziselwa amazinga okushisa angaphezu kuka-300 ℃. Inokumelana nokugqwala okuhle kuwo womabili ama-acids noma ama-salts asemkhathini kanye ne-dilute, futhi ukumelana kwayo nokugqwala kuyafana nalokho kwensimbi engagqwali engama-304 kanye nensimbi engagqwali engama-430, esetshenziselwa ukwakhiwa kwamapulatifomu angasogwini, ama-turbine blades, ama-spools, izihlalo, imikhono neziqu zamavalvu.
Emkhakheni wezinsimbi, kuhlanganiswe nezinkinga ezijwayelekile kanye nezindleko, i-oda elivamile lokukhetha insimbi engagqwali ye-austenitic yi-304-304L-316-316L-317-321-347-904L insimbi engagqwali, lapho i-317 isetshenziswa kancane kakhulu, i-321 ayinconyelwe, i-9 cor-temperature kuphela i-347, i-347 kuphela i-347 cortemper. impahla ezenzakalelayo yezinye izingxenye zabakhiqizi ngabanye, umklamo ngeke ngokuvamile uthathe isinyathelo sokukhetha i-904L.
Ekukhetheni idizayini yezinsimbi, ngokuvamile kuzoba khona okokusebenza kwensimbi nezinto zamapayipi ziyizikhathi ezihlukile, ikakhulukazi ezimweni zezinga lokushisa eliphezulu, kufanele sinake ngokukhethekile ukukhethwa kwezinto zokwenziwa ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nemishini yenqubo noma izinga lokushisa lomklamo wamapayipi kanye nengcindezi yokuklama, njengepayipi lensimbi ye-chrome molybdenum enezinga eliphezulu lokushisa, kuyilapho okokusebenza kokukhetha insimbi engagqwali, khona-ke kungenzeka kakhulu ukuthi ubhekane nengcindezi, kufanele uhlole izinga lokushisa.
Ekukhetheni komklamo wensimbi, okuvame ukuhlangana nezinhlelo ezihlukahlukene ezihlukahlukene, uchungechunge, amamaki ensimbi engagqwali, ukukhethwa kufanele kusekelwe kumidiya yenqubo ethize, izinga lokushisa, ingcindezi, izingxenye ezigcizelelwe, ukugqwala kanye nezindleko neminye imibono.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Oct-11-2023